Caridovascular 5.1 Overview of the cardiovascular system
*The Heart, which pumps the blood*
*The Blood Vessels, through which the blood flows*
1. Circulation Performs Exchanges
A. blood exchanges substances with the tissue fluid not the actual cells
B. This brings oxygen and nutrients
C. expels the waste
2. Functions of the cardiovascular system
1. Contractions of the heart generate blood pressure, which moves blood through blood vessels.
2. Blood vessels transport the blood, which moves from the heart into arteries, capillaries, and veins, before returning in to the heart.
3. Exchanges at the capillaries (the smallest of the blood vessels) refresh blood and then tissue fluid, sometimes called interstitial fluid,
4. The heart and blood vessels regulate blood flow, according to the needs of the body.
3. Lymphatic System
A. assistance to the cardiovascular system; collects excess tissue fluid and returns it to the cardio system.
5.2 types of blood vessels
1. The arteries from the heart
A. Arterial wall has 3 layers
a. The innermost layer- endothelium
b. The middle layer- thick layer of smooth muscle
c. The outer layer- is connective tissue
B. More vessels dilated the lower the blood pressure!
2. The Capillaries: Exchange
A. Infiltrate every tissue of the body; making sure blood is everywhere!
B. they are only made of one layer
C. Only at certain times are different capillaries open: such as when eating only the digestive ones are open.
3. The veins to the heart
A. Venules are small veins that drain blood from the capillaries then join to form a vein.
B. The walls are the same 3 like the arteries. Except for a little less of each
C. The valves of the veins only allow to flow towards the heart
D. at any time 70% of your blood is in veins
5.3 The Heart is a Double-pump
A. the heart is cone shaped
B. App. Size of your heart is about the size of your fist!!
· Myocardium- The major portion of the heart consists largely of cardiac muscle tissue.
· Pericardium- This surrounds the heart and is a thick membranous sac that supports and protects the heart. Inside the pericardium a lubrication is produced so the when the heart pumps is moves smoothly.
· Septum- this separates the left and right side of the heart.
· Atrium- is the two upper chambers of the heart
· Ventricles- make up the thick lower 2 chambers
· AV valves- these lie between the atria and the ventricles
· Chordae tendineae- is thick strong fibrous strings that support the ventricular walls
· Semi-lunar valves- are the two remaining valves and are flaps shaped like half moons that lie between ventricles and their attached vessels.
*The Heart, which pumps the blood*
*The Blood Vessels, through which the blood flows*
1. Circulation Performs Exchanges
A. blood exchanges substances with the tissue fluid not the actual cells
B. This brings oxygen and nutrients
C. expels the waste
2. Functions of the cardiovascular system
1. Contractions of the heart generate blood pressure, which moves blood through blood vessels.
2. Blood vessels transport the blood, which moves from the heart into arteries, capillaries, and veins, before returning in to the heart.
3. Exchanges at the capillaries (the smallest of the blood vessels) refresh blood and then tissue fluid, sometimes called interstitial fluid,
4. The heart and blood vessels regulate blood flow, according to the needs of the body.
3. Lymphatic System
A. assistance to the cardiovascular system; collects excess tissue fluid and returns it to the cardio system.
5.2 types of blood vessels
1. The arteries from the heart
A. Arterial wall has 3 layers
a. The innermost layer- endothelium
b. The middle layer- thick layer of smooth muscle
c. The outer layer- is connective tissue
B. More vessels dilated the lower the blood pressure!
2. The Capillaries: Exchange
A. Infiltrate every tissue of the body; making sure blood is everywhere!
B. they are only made of one layer
C. Only at certain times are different capillaries open: such as when eating only the digestive ones are open.
3. The veins to the heart
A. Venules are small veins that drain blood from the capillaries then join to form a vein.
B. The walls are the same 3 like the arteries. Except for a little less of each
C. The valves of the veins only allow to flow towards the heart
D. at any time 70% of your blood is in veins
5.3 The Heart is a Double-pump
A. the heart is cone shaped
B. App. Size of your heart is about the size of your fist!!
· Myocardium- The major portion of the heart consists largely of cardiac muscle tissue.
· Pericardium- This surrounds the heart and is a thick membranous sac that supports and protects the heart. Inside the pericardium a lubrication is produced so the when the heart pumps is moves smoothly.
· Septum- this separates the left and right side of the heart.
· Atrium- is the two upper chambers of the heart
· Ventricles- make up the thick lower 2 chambers
· AV valves- these lie between the atria and the ventricles
· Chordae tendineae- is thick strong fibrous strings that support the ventricular walls
· Semi-lunar valves- are the two remaining valves and are flaps shaped like half moons that lie between ventricles and their attached vessels.
Heart
1. Passage of Blood through the heart
· The superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava, which carry O2- poor Blood end the right atrium
· The right atrium sends blood through an a trio-ventricular valve (the tricuspid valve) to the right ventricle
· The right ventricle sends blood through the pulmonary semi lunar valve into the pulmonary trunk. The pulmonary trunk, which carries the poor blood, divided into two pulmonary arteries, which go to the lungs.
· Four pulmonary veins, which carry rich blood, enter the left atrium.
· The left atrium sends blood through an atrioventricular valve to the left ventricle
· The left ventricular sends blood through the aortic semi lunar valve into the aorta to the body proper.
2. The Heartbeat is controlled
A. The heartbeat is called the cardiac cycle
B. First the two atria contract then the two ventricles contract at the same time
C. Systole is the contract phase
D. Diastole is the rest phase
E. The average adult heartbeat is about 60-80 times a minute and each lasts about .85 second
F. A heart murmur is a slight swishing noise after each beat due to the ineffectiveness of the valves
2.1 The internal control of the heartbeat
A. Nodal tissue is a unique tissue found in the heart consisting of muscular and nervous characteristics
B. SA node- is found in the upper dorsal wall of the right atrium. And initiates the heartbeat and sends out a impulse every .85 seconds and is known as the pace maker
C. AV node- is located in the base of the right atrium very near the septum
2.2 The external control of the heartbeat
A. The control center in the Medulla Oblongata can change the rate of the heart.
B. This is done by Parasympathetic and Sympathetic portions of the nervous system.
C. Adrenaline can also affect the rate of the heart
3. The Electrocardiogram is a record of the heartbeat
A. This is an electrical record of your heartbeat
B. can detect abnormalities of the heart
5.3 Features of the cardiovascular system
1. The pulse rate equals the heart rate
A. pulse can be found on numerous parts of the body but the most common are the radial and carotid artery.
2. Blood flow is regulated
A. Blood pressure moves blood in arteries
a. Blood pressure is the pressure of blood against the wall of a blood vessel
b. the highest arterial pressure is called the systolic and the lower diastolic pressure
c. normal is about 120 over 80
B. Blood flow is slow in the capillaries
C. Blood flow in veins returns blood to the heart
1. The skeletal muscle pump which is dependent on the skeletal muscle contraction
2. The respiratory pump which is dependant on breathing
3. Valves in veins
5.5 Two cardiovascular pathways
A. Pulmonary- which takes it through the lungs
B. systemic circuit- which serves the bodies tissues
1. The pulmonary circuit: exchange of gases
A. First collects in the right atrium
B. Then passes into the right ventricle, which pumps it into the pulmonary trunk
C. Then divides into the left and right pulmonary arteries; they branch into each of the lungs
2. The Systemic Circuit: Exchanges with tissue fluid
A. The largest circuit is the aorta
B. The largest veins are Superior and Inferior Venae Cavae
1. Tracing the path of the blood:
a. Left ventricle-aorta-common iliac artery-femoral artery-lower leg capillaries-femoral vein- common iliac vein- inferior vena cava- right atrium
2. Coronary circulation
a. coronary arteries serve the heart muscle itself.
b. these may become clogged
3. Hepatic Portal System
a. the hepatic portal vein- takes the blood from the capillary bed of the digestive tract to a capillary bed in the liver
b. the hepatic vein leaves the liver and enters the vena cava
5.6 Exchange at the Capillaries
A. Two forces primarily take over here
1. Blood pressure
2. Osmotic pressure
B. The tissue fluid that is within the lymphatic system is called lymph
5.7 Cardiovascular Disorders
1. Disorders of the Blood Vessels
A. Heart attack
B. Stroke
C. aneurysm
Nutrician Pyramid ( By eating right you can lesson your chanc of stroke and heartattack among other health issues)1. High Blood Pressure
a. Hypertension- occurs when blood moves through the arteries at a higher pressure then normal
b. high blood pressure is usually seen in people who have
1. Atherosclerosis (fatty tissue deposits)
2. Plaque
3. A clot that remains stationary (thrombus)
4. A moving clot (embolus)
2. Stroke, heart attack, and aneurysm
a. These are related to high blood pressure
b. cerebrovascular accident – stroke
c. myocardial infarction- heart attack
d. partial blockage of the coronary artery- angina pectoris
3. Dissolving blood clots
a. use of drugs
4. Treating clogged arteries
a. coronary bypass operation
b. angioplasty
2. Disorders of the heart
A. heart failure is when a heart no longer pumps correctly
B. total artificial heart has no wires or tubes exiting the chest
6.1 Blood: an overview
1. Functions of Blood
A. Each human has about 5 liters and with each heart beat it pumps all of this!
B. Blood falls in three categories:
1. Blood is the primary transport medium. It delivers oxygen from the lungs and nutrients from the digestive tract to the tissues, where an exchange takes place. Then it takes away the carbon dioxide.
2. Blood defends the body against invasion by pathogens in several ways.
a. secreting antibodies
b. clotting when a cut is made
3. Blood has regulatory systems
a. regulates the body temp
2. Composition of blood
A. like any tissue it contains cells and cells fragments (together they are called formed elements)
B. They are suspend in a liquid called plasma
C. Therefore is considered liquid tissue
1. The formed elements
a. red blood cells are 2 to 3 times smaller then white cells
b. white blood cells
c. platelets
2. Plasma
a. distributes heat generated as a by product of metabolism
b. a liquid medium for blood
c. about 91% is water
d. the most abundant organic molecule in blood is plasma protein
e. osmotic pressure is the force that prevents excessive loss of plasma from the capillaries into tissue fluid
f. the three major types of proteins are:
1. Albumins- are the most abundant and contribute the most to plasmas osmotic pressure
2. Globulins- are of three types: Alpha, Beta, Gamma.
3. Fibrinogen- has an active formation of blood clots
a. Hypertension- occurs when blood moves through the arteries at a higher pressure then normal
b. high blood pressure is usually seen in people who have
1. Atherosclerosis (fatty tissue deposits)
2. Plaque
3. A clot that remains stationary (thrombus)
4. A moving clot (embolus)
2. Stroke, heart attack, and aneurysm
a. These are related to high blood pressure
b. cerebrovascular accident – stroke
c. myocardial infarction- heart attack
d. partial blockage of the coronary artery- angina pectoris
3. Dissolving blood clots
a. use of drugs
4. Treating clogged arteries
a. coronary bypass operation
b. angioplasty
2. Disorders of the heart
A. heart failure is when a heart no longer pumps correctly
B. total artificial heart has no wires or tubes exiting the chest
6.1 Blood: an overview
1. Functions of Blood
A. Each human has about 5 liters and with each heart beat it pumps all of this!
B. Blood falls in three categories:
1. Blood is the primary transport medium. It delivers oxygen from the lungs and nutrients from the digestive tract to the tissues, where an exchange takes place. Then it takes away the carbon dioxide.
2. Blood defends the body against invasion by pathogens in several ways.
a. secreting antibodies
b. clotting when a cut is made
3. Blood has regulatory systems
a. regulates the body temp
2. Composition of blood
A. like any tissue it contains cells and cells fragments (together they are called formed elements)
B. They are suspend in a liquid called plasma
C. Therefore is considered liquid tissue
1. The formed elements
a. red blood cells are 2 to 3 times smaller then white cells
b. white blood cells
c. platelets
2. Plasma
a. distributes heat generated as a by product of metabolism
b. a liquid medium for blood
c. about 91% is water
d. the most abundant organic molecule in blood is plasma protein
e. osmotic pressure is the force that prevents excessive loss of plasma from the capillaries into tissue fluid
f. the three major types of proteins are:
1. Albumins- are the most abundant and contribute the most to plasmas osmotic pressure
2. Globulins- are of three types: Alpha, Beta, Gamma.
3. Fibrinogen- has an active formation of blood clots
Red Blood Cells
6.2 Red blood cells and transport of oxygen
1. How red blood cells carry oxygen
A. Red blood cells are highly specialized to carry oxygen and transport it
B. hemoglobin is what gives it the red color
C. When oxygen binds to heme in the lungs it takes on another shape called oxyhemoglobin
D. when the oxygen is released into the tissue then it takes on its former shape – deoxyhemoglobin
2. How red blood cells help transport carbon dioxide
A. About 7% is dissolved in the plasma
B. about 25% is directly transported in the hemoglobin
C. The rest about 68% is carried as bicarbonate in the plasma.
3. Red blood cells are produced in bone marrow
A.RBC stem cells are in the bone marrow
B. as red blood cells mature they loose their nucleus and gain hemoglobin
C. about 2 mil are destroyed every sec
D. and the same amount are produced
1. Blood doping
a. The body boost the number of RBC’s when there is a drop in oxygen
b. then the kidneys release erythropoietin which stimulates more RBC’s growth
c. this is a method of increasing the normal supply of RBC’s for the purpose of delivering oxygen more efficiently
4. Disorders involving Red blood cells
A. Anemia is the lack of hemoglobin and vitamin deficiency
B. Hemolytic is the rupturing of red blood cells
C. Sickle- Cell disease is a hereditary condition in which the individual has sickle shaped
D. Hemolytic disease of the newborn- type of hemolytic anemia
White Blood Cells
http://www.bodyofwealth.com/images/white-blood-cells_5257.jpg
6.3 White blood cells and defense against diseaseA. Long and have a nucleus, lack hemoglobin, and are translucent
B. Production is controlled by Colony- Stimulating factor
C. Fight infection
1. Types of white blood cells
A. granular leukocytes
1. Include: neutophilis, eosinophils, and basophiles.
2. Neutophilis account for 50 to 70% of white blood cells, the first to respond to an infection, death in large amounts leads to pus
3. Eosinophils increase when an allergic reaction has taken place or a parasite worm
4. Basophiles are dark blue in color. And they react during an allergic reaction or asthma reaction
B. Agranular leukocytes
1. Known for about 25 to 35% of all white cells
2. responsible for poisons or toxins
3. There are two types B and T cells.
4. AIDS unfortunately attack the T cells which lead to the immune deficiency
2. Disorders involving the white blood cells
A. Sever combined immunodeficiency disease
B. Leukemia
C. Infectious Mononucleosis
6.4 Platelets and Blood Clotting
A. Platelets result from fragmentation of certain large cells
B. Megakaryocytic are in the red bone marrow
C. clotting
1. Blood Clotting
A. When a blood vessel is damaged platelets clump at the site and clogs the site
B. up to 12 factors participate in the clotting process
C. prothrombin activator converts plasma protein
D. Prothrombin to thrombin.
E. Thrombin makes an enzyme that severs two short amino acid chains forming fibrin
F. After the clot a yellow liquid is excreted and it is serum
2. Disorders Related to Blood Clotting
A. an insufficient number of platelets is called thrombocytopenia. (Can result in a heart attack)
B. Hemophilia is a clotting disorder
6.5 Blood typing and transfusions
A. Blood transfusions is the transfer of blood from one individual into the blood of another
B. in order for the transfusions to be done correctly then agglutination needs to happen to make sure that the blood doesn’t clot
1. ABO Blood Groups
A. Certain types of blood transfusions can only be done
B. Two antigens determine who can receive the blood and who cannot
2. Rh Blood Groups
A. if a mother is pregnant with a child who is Rh + and she is Rh – this can cause the mothers defense system try to fight off the pregnancy
B. will require blood transfusions through out the pregnancy to help with this
6.6 Homeostasis
Digestive System
http://www.rock-hill.k12.sc.us/schools/middle/slms/Digestive_AH4/Digestive%20system.gif
A. The digestive system supplies nutrients
Respitory system http://www.amersol.edu.pe/class09/_09fdelap/7th/science/human/images/respiratorysystem.jpg
B. The respiratory system supplies oxygen and removes carbon dioxide from the blood
Nervous System
http://www.vaxa.com/images/4010a.jpg
C. The nervous system and endocrine systems are involved in maintaining blood pressure 
Lymphatic System
http://images.search.yahoo.com/images/view?back=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.search.yahoo.com%2Fsearch%2Fimages%3Fp%3Dlymphatic%2Bsystem%26js%3D1%26ei%3Dutf-8%26y%3DSearch%26fr%3Dyfp-t-501%26xargs%3D0%26pstart%3D1%26b%3D21%26ni%3D20&w=600&h=900&imgurl=www.unm.edu%2F%7Ejimmy%2Flymphatic_system.jpg&rurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unm.edu%2F%7Ejimmy%2Flymph_notes.htm&size=212.9kB&name=lymphatic_system.jpg&p=lymphatic%20system&type=JPG&oid=0d051b62ab7d3cdc&no=27&tt=6777
D. The Lymphatic system returns tissue fluid to the veins.
Skeletal
E. Skeletal muscle contractions and breathing movements propel blood in the veins
7.1 Microbes, Pathogens, and You
A. Bacteria and Viruses collectively are Pathogens
B. The body has three lines of defense:
1. Barriers to entry, such as skin and mucous membranes of body cavities, act to prevent pathogens from gaining entrance into the body.
2. First responders, such as phagocyte white blood cells, act to prevent an infection after an invasion has occurred
3. Specific defenses overcome an infection by killing the particular disease-causing agent that has entered the body.
1. Bacteria
A. Are single celled prokaryotes and don’t have a nucleus.
B. The body has three lines of defense:
1. Barriers to entry, such as skin and mucous membranes of body cavities, act to prevent pathogens from gaining entrance into the body.
2. First responders, such as phagocyte white blood cells, act to prevent an infection after an invasion has occurred
3. Specific defenses overcome an infection by killing the particular disease-causing agent that has entered the body.
1. Bacteria
A. Are single celled prokaryotes and don’t have a nucleus.
Bacteria
B. Three common shapes:
1. Bacillus has a rod shape
2. Coccus has a spherical shape
3. Spirillum has a curved shape
C. Can move backwards with Flagellum
D. can adhere to cell hosts with fimbriae.
E. Pilus is used to transfer DNA from one cell to another
F. some bacteria have accessory rings of DNA called Plasmids.
2. Virus
A. Bridge the gap between the living and nonliving
B. Virus’s cause disease EX colds, AIDS, Flu
C. Virus has two parts:
1. The outer capsid composed of protein units
2. Inner core of nucleic acid
3. Prions
A. a group of degenerative diseases
B. Creutzfeltd jakob disease
C. Mad cow disease.
D. This is caused by eating brains and connective tissue of infected animals
7.2 The Lymphatic system
A. Four main functions
1. Lymphatic capillaries absorb excess tissue fluid and return it to the bloodstream
2. In the small intestines, lymphatic capillaries called lacteals absorb fats in the form of lipoproteins and transport them to the bloodstream
3. The lymphatic system is responsible for the production, maintains, and distribution pf lymphocytes
4. The lymphatic system helps defend the body against pathogens
1. Lymphatic Vessels
A. Has two Ducts:
1. Thoracic duct returns lymph collected from the body below the thorax the left arm and the left leg head and neck into the right subcalvan vein
2. The right lymphatic duct
2. Lymphatic Organs
A. Primary
1. Red bone marrow
2. Thymus gland
B. Secondary
1. Lymph nodes
2. Spleen
7.3 Non specific defenses
A. Barriers to entry: The body puts up barriers that can be likened to doors that are usually shut tight, and many of which have special features that bar the possible entry of pathogens
B. Phagocytic white blood cells, the neutophilis and macrophages. We will considers these two phagpcytic white blood cells in the context of the inflammatory response, a special reaction the body has when first invaded.
1. Barriers of entry
A. Skin and Mucous membranes
B. chemical barriers
C. Resident bacteria
2. Inflammatory Response
A. The second line of defense
B. Like an army defending its nation
C. First the neutrophils are and act like scouts- eating the debris, assessing the damage, dead cells, and any bacteria they encounter.
D. Protective proteins
7.4 Specific Defenses
1. How specific Defense Works
A. Antigens recognize foreign body objects
B. Examples: bacteria, virus, molds
C. B or T cells are then sent out
D. B Cells:
· Antibody-mediated immunity against pathogens
· Produced and mature in bone marrow
· Directly recognize and then undergo clonal selection
· Clonal expansion produces antibody-secreting plasma cells as well memory B cells
E. T Cells:
· Cell-mediated immunity against virus-infected cells and cancer cells
· Produced in bone marrow, mature in thymus
· Antigen must be presented in groove of an HLA molecule
· Cytotoxic T Cells destroy non-self antigen-bearing cells
· Helper T cells secret cytokines that control the immune response
7.5 Acquired Immunity
A. Active immunity- is when an individual produces the antibodies themselves
B. Passive Immunity- is when a physician gives them by injection
1. Active Immunity
A. Sometimes they develop naturally
B. Children are vaccinated to some diseases
Ex: Chicken Pox, Hep. A and B
C. They will begin immunizations at birth
2. Passive Immunity
A. People are given a pre-measured amount of antibodies to fight off a disease
B. if an individual has been exposed to a infectious disease then they will receive a Gamma Globulin shot
7.6 Hypersensitivity Reactions
1. Allergies
Pollen
http://www.uiowa.edu/~cemrf/archive/sem/large/Pollen.gif
A. Allergies are a hypersensitivity to substances such as pollen
B. An immediate allergic reaction can happen within seconds
C. Anaphylactic shock is when it enters the blood stream
Ex. Bee stings
2. Tissue rejection
A. Is when an Organ transplant is rejected
B. This is controlled by a drug injection: Immunosuppressive
C. Xenotransplantation
1. When an animal organ is used
2. The hope is to make pigs Type O so it’s universal
3. Disorders of the Immune system
A. Autoimmune disease is when its own T cells or antibodies attack its own cells
B. Myasthenia Gravis is weakened muscles
C. MS- Neuromuscular systems
D. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus- Kidney damage
Rheumatoid Arthritis
F. AIDS is part of this too
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