Lab: Exersise Physiology

Lab U2 Exercise Physiology
Explanation of Experiment
For this lab I will be measuring my pulse, resp. rate, and blood pressure at rest and during different activities. This will be shown over a course of five days with three different activities. For my activities I will be doing 10 sit-ups, a half mile walk around my neighborhood and will be eating lunch.
This will show the correlation between my metabolic measurements and my cardiovascular system. The more you are active the faster your blood pumps and carbon dioxide is then released from your system and oxygen is pushed through your body faster. When your arteries are dilated it will carry nutrients and oxygen to the necessary areas, while the heart is pumping harder. However, when you are active you are not only using your cardiovascular system, you are also using your nervous, endocrine and musculoskeletal.
I will be using an at home digital heart pressure monitor to keep tract of my pulse, systolic, and diastolic pressures!! I don’t want the Walgreen's manager to keep suspicious…

Hypothesis

I believe that different activities will show different results. The more physical activity that there is the higher the pulse, resp rate, and blood pressure.
Baseline: I think when the body is at rest for at least 10 minutes then the pulse will be low along with the rest. You are breathing slower (because blood doesn’t need to pumped as fast through out the body). Your blood pressure is slower.

Activity 1: During my sit-ups, my resp rate will increase, along with my pulse. However since I am only doing a rep of 10 then I don’t believe that it will have a dramatic increase in my blood pressure but a slight one.

Activity2: This will not only raise my resp rate (for the increase of oxygen needed for the body) but my heart will be pumping harder and faster so my pulse and blood pressure will rise. This is the longest activity and the most work. This will have the most dramatic change.

Activity3: Each day after my walk I will come home and prepare lunch. Then I will eat and take my blood pressure afterwards. However my body will be pretty much at rest so I don’t think it will go up I believe it will drop to my baseline readings!

Was there any conflicts with the experiment?

I do think that no matter how you slice it there is always going to be conflicts such as how the sit-ups are done, walking with a stoller and a 20 pound kid oppose to walking alone, and what you ate that day and how fast. The only real way to test this is if you did the exact same everyday and ate the same thing and so on. So if someone else did this then there results maybe dramaitcally different then mine!


Conclusion

Yes, my hypothesis was right! My baseline was low and relaxed, as i became more active my blood pressure raised, pulse got faster, and my resp rate increased! This was especially true with the half mile walk.

The higher the body beame so did my intake of air. when i was taking deep breaths in it was expelling the carbon diaoxide out my body and the oxygen was being dedributed to all the organs and nutrients were also being dispursed to give the body energy.

Was it fun?

I thought it was different and interesting! Its the little stuff that people dont think about i guess. This is one of those instances that it was fun to do once but um never again. It wasnt that it was bad but more incovient. I have a baby and trying to do this and take care of a very busy baby was a little hard and i am the main caregiver. My husband works alot.

However i got it done and i just had to learn how to incorporate her as well. so i took her for the walks!!

I definately think it was worth doing!

Blood Pressure Lab

1.State a problem about the relationship of age and gender to blood pressure.

*The older an individual get typically so does there blood pressure. Men have a tendency to have higher blood pressure then women.

2.Use your knowledge about the heart and the circulatory system to make a hypothesis about how the average blood pressure for a group of people would be affected by manipulating the age and gender of the group members.

*I believe that the younger the group typically (not always) their blood pressure will be lower. The gender also plays a role in this I believe that men have higher blood pressures then women.
I also think that other factors can manipulate the blood pressure. Even if the group is young but they all smoke and drink on a regular bases that it will raise the blood pressure.

3.How will you use the investigation screen to test your hypothesis? What steps will you follow? What data will you record?

*I will take an average blood pressure of all different age ranges and the two genders. Then if there is a blood pressure that is out of the normal range then I can investigate why that it is.
I will then record the averages of the different age groups and the genders.

4.Analyze the result of your experiment. Explain any patterns you observed.

*I have observed many different age groups and the two genders and i have found that the younger groups generally have lower blood pressures except for a select few. These people have in there families history, smoking, obese, and a few others.

5.Did the result of your experiment support your hypothesis? Why or why not? Based on your experiment what conclusion can you draw about the relationship of age and gender to group blood pressure averages?

*Yes, it does. I was correct that the older you are the higher the blood pressure. That men also have higher blood pressures then women.

6.During the course of your experiment, did you obtain any blood pressure reading that were outside of the normal range for the group being tested? What did you notice on the medical charts for these individuals that might explain their high reading?

*Yes i did there were a few and in examining their charts i found numerous things. Some of these things were Smoking, Family History, drinking, overweight, just to name a few.

7.List risk factors associated with the hypertension. Based on your observation, which risk factor do you think is most closely associated with hypertension?

*I don’t believe that there is just one factor that stands out more than others. Hypertension is dangerous no matter how you slice it. Some of the factors that cause hypertension could be:

Sex Weight
Smoking
Drinking
Family History
Age

8.What effect might obesity have on blood pressure? Does obesity alone cause a person to be at risk for high blood pressure? What other factors, in combination with obesity, might increase a person's risk for high blood pressure?

* Obesity can have a great effect on ones blood pressure, it make it high or even dangerously high. Obesity alone may not be the only factor that plays into high blood pressure for an individual. Poor diet, smoking, age, sex, drinking, drugs are just a few that can be associated with it.

Compendium Review CH 8

Digestive System

http://www.rock-hill.k12.sc.us/schools/middle/slms/Digestive_AH4/Digestive%20system.gif

Chapter 8- Digestive System and Nutrition
8.1 Overview of Digestion
A. Ingestion
· Occurs when the mouth takes in food.
B. Digestion
· Can mechanical or chemical.

http://images.search.yahoo.com/images/view?back=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.search.yahoo.com%2Fsearch%2Fimages%3Fp%3Dstomach%26fr%3Dsfp%26ei%3Dutf-8%26js%3D1%26x%3Dwrt&w=490&h=373&imgurl=www.acm.uiuc.edu%2Fsigbio%2Fproject%2Fdigestive%2Fmiddle%2Fstomach2.jpg&rurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acm.uiuc.edu%2Fsigbio%2Fproject%2Fdigestive%2Fmiddle%2Fstomach.html&size=34kB&name=stomach2.jpg&p=stomach&type=JPG&oid=15352687c832c5aa&no=15&tt=260598
· Stomach http://www.becomehealthynow.com/images/organs/digestive/sm_intestine_bh.jpg
· Small intestine
C. Movement
· Through the GI tract is important to fulfill digestion
· EX: food must be passed along from one organ to the next
D. Absorption
· Nutrients pass through the walls of the GI tract
· Then enter the blood stream entering the body
E. Elimination
· Unused food turns into waste
· Then its expelled through the anus
1. Walls of the Digestive Tract
A. The digestive tract has 4 layers
1. The first layer, Mucosa, is next to the lumen. It produces mucus to protect the wall from digestive enzymes.
a. Diverticulosis- is a disorder with the first layer that has pushed its way through the other layers creating pouches.
2. The second layer, sub mucosa. Its loose connective tissues and carry nutrients absorbed by the mucosa layer.
a. Inflammatory bowel disease- is one of the disorders of this layer and has fever, weight loss, and chronic diarrhea associated with it.
3. The third layer, Muscularis. This contains 2 smooth muscle layers the inner layer, encircles the tract. The longitudinal layer lies in the same direction as the tract. This controls the movement of the tract.
a. IBS (irritable bowel syndrome)- stress being an underlying cause of this and abdominal pain, constipation, and diarrhea are associated with it.
4. The fourth layer, serosa. Secretes serous fluid. The appendix is with this.
a. appendicitis
8.2 First part of the digestive tract
1. The Mouth
A. This begins the digestion process.
B. Three pairs of salivary glands.
C. Salivary amylase beings the process of digesting starch.
D. the tongue pushes the food towards the Pharynx.
2. The pharynx and esophagus
A. The pharynx is at the end of the nasal and mouth openings.
B. The esophagus is located at the end of the pharynx and is long and narrow. Leads the food to the stomach
1. Swallowing:
a. The soft plate moves back to close off the nasal passages
b. The trachea moves up under the esophagus to cover the glottis
c. The glottis is opening the to the larynx (the airway)
d. a rhythmic contraction called peristalsis pushes the food along the esophagus and continues to the rest of the digestive tract.
e. sphincters are muscles that encircle tubes and act as valves
f. the entrance to the esophagus to the stomach is marked by constriction (lower gastroesophageal sphincter)
8.3 The stomach and small intestine
1.The stomach
A. The stomach is a thick walled, j-shaped organ that lies on the left side of the body beneath the diaphragm.
B. The esophagus and the small intestine are on each side of the stomach.
C. Stores food
D. initiates digestion of protein
E. controls the movement of Chyme into the small intestine
F. does not absorb nutrients
G. Has four layers
H. can hold about a liter
I. Gastric Juice- pepsin
J. empties in about 2-6 hours
2. The small intestine
A. is named for its small diameter and is about 18 ft long
B. the small intestine has enzymes to digest all types of foods, carbs, proteins, and fat.
C. These enzymes are secreted by the pancreas and enter the via a duct at the duodenum (the first 25 cm of the small intestine)
D. Bile- emulsifies the fats
E. The small intestine absorbs nutrients
3. Lactose intolerance
A. Primarily in milk and sugar
B. the Brush Border Enzyme is what keeps people from being able to tolerate lactose
C. Can have it as long as the lactose enzyme has already been broken down
D. When it is eaten diarrhea can be present along with gas and cramps
4. Obesity: diabetes type 2 and cardiovascular disease
A. Consuming to much of one thing can cause weight gain
B. To much sugar and fat in system
C. Foods such as breads, pies, cookies, and fatty foods such as fried foods are the main cause for the epidemic in the US
8.4 Three Accessory Organs and Regulation of Secretions

http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S020urjOlH.gsBwcKjzbkF/SIG=122inani1/EXP=1206574635/**http://www.fazzioclinic.com/GB%20Webpage.htm

1. Three Accessory Organs
A. Pancreas
· Pancreatic Juice which contains Sodium Bicarbonate
· Digestive enzymes for all types of foods
· Neutralizes acid from the stomach

http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S020yDjelHwmQAlBqjzbkF/SIG=12i7g415t/EXP=1206574851/**http://www.foxriverwatch.com/liver_hepatic_damage_pcbs_1a.html

B. Liver
· Produces Bile
· Destroys old blood cells
· Detoxifies the blood
· Stores iron
· Makes plasma proteins
· Stores glucose
· Produces urea
· Helps regulate the blood cholesterol levels
C. gallbladder
· Stores Bile
2. Liver Disorders
A. Jaundice
B. Hepatitis
C. Cirrhosis
3. Regulation of digestive secretions
A. Controlled by the nervous system and by hormones

Large Intestine

http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S020oRkOlHMW4BBcmjzbkF/SIG=11qiusf9u/EXP=1206575505/**http://www.kensbiorefs.com/humphy.html

8.5 The Large Intestine and defecation
A. The large intestine include the cerum, the colon, and the rectum, and anal canal
B. about 4 and half ft long
C. The Cecum lies below the junction of the small intestine and is at the blind end of the large intestine (worm like appearance)
D. Colon includes the ascending colon
E. The rectum is the last 20 cm of the large intestine
F. The opening is the anus
1. Functions of the large intestine
A. absorbs water
B. absorbs vitamins
C. forms feces
D. Removes indigestible substances (fiber and bacteria)
2. Disorders of the colon and rectum
A. Diarrhea
B. Constipation
C. Hemorrhoids
D. Diverticulosis
E. IBS
F. IBD
G. Polyps and cancer
8.6 Nutrition and weight control
A. Obesity is considered grossly overweight
B. nearly 1/3 of adults is obese
1. How obesity is defined
A. Body Mass Index (BMI)
B. if is equal to 26.5 to 40 this considered mildly obese to morbidly obese

http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S020zkQ.hHbNMAMkKjzbkF/SIG=11sovikv6/EXP=1206490468/**http:/www.wou.edu/~sholmes/ed422website

2. Class of nutrients
A. Carbohydrates
B. Proteins
C. Lipids
D. Minerals
E. Calcium
F. Vitamins
1. Antioxidants
2. Vitamin D
3. How to plan a nutritious meal
A. Eat a variety of foods
B. Eat more: Fruit, Veggies, Whole Grains, Fat-free or Low-fat Milks
C. eat less foods at night
D. Be active everyday
4. Eating disorders

Anorexia

http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S020lZjulHKYEADDGjzbkF/SIG=127nr84rc/EXP=1206575065/**http://www.flickr.com/photos/7375672@N07/427524135/

A. Anorexia Nervosa
· Fear of getting fat
· Self-imposed starvation
B. Bulimia Nervosa
· Binge eating then purging
C. Binge eating
· Over eating in episodes with out purging

Muscle Dysmorphia

http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S020o2j.lHkWwBvHujzbkF/SIG=121tkko2v/EXP=1206575286/**http://hec.osu.edu/bitf/muscle_dysmorphia.htm

D. Muscle dysmorphia
· When the body is thought to be underdeveloped
· May spend hours in the gym to reach perfection

Self-Evaluation

1. What were the three aspects of the assignments I've submitted that I am most proud of?

I think that I did better on these units then I did the others because I feel like I understand the material better.

2. What two aspects of my submitted assignments do I believe could have used some improvement?

I think that I could maybe go a little more in depth with my assignments but I do feel like I did a pretty good job.

3. What do I believe my overall grade should be for this unit?

I think I deserve a B. I think that there could be definite improvements but I did fairly well.

4. How could I perform better in the next unit?

I could definitely take better notes and put them into my blog entries.

REGARDING THE UNIT (adapted from Stephen Brookfield, University of St. Thomas "Critical Incident Questionnaire")

At what moment during this unit did you feel most engaged with the course?

These chapters engaged me more then the others did. I found these chapters informative and exciting!

At what moment unit did you feel most distanced from the course?

I did feel that some of the material was repetitive at times so there were times that I did feel uninterested.

What action that anyone (teacher or student) took during this unit that find most affirming and helpful?

This is a hard question because we don’t really talk between students; I do enjoy the PowerPoint presentations!

What action that anyone (teacher or student) took during this unit did you find most puzzling or confusing?

There was nothing.

What about this unit surprised you the most? (This could be something about your own reactions to the course, something that someone did, or anything else that occurs to you.)

I was not shocked about anything, I know that’s lame to say but I wasn’t!!

Compendium Review CH 5-7

Caridovascular

http://health-pictures.com/images/Cardiovascular-system.gif

5.1 Overview of the cardiovascular system
*The Heart, which pumps the blood*
*The Blood Vessels, through which the blood flows*
1. Circulation Performs Exchanges
A. blood exchanges substances with the tissue fluid not the actual cells
B. This brings oxygen and nutrients
C. expels the waste
2. Functions of the cardiovascular system
1. Contractions of the heart generate blood pressure, which moves blood through blood vessels.
2. Blood vessels transport the blood, which moves from the heart into arteries, capillaries, and veins, before returning in to the heart.
3. Exchanges at the capillaries (the smallest of the blood vessels) refresh blood and then tissue fluid, sometimes called interstitial fluid,
4. The heart and blood vessels regulate blood flow, according to the needs of the body.
3. Lymphatic System
A. assistance to the cardiovascular system; collects excess tissue fluid and returns it to the cardio system.
5.2 types of blood vessels
1. The arteries from the heart
A. Arterial wall has 3 layers
a. The innermost layer- endothelium
b. The middle layer- thick layer of smooth muscle
c. The outer layer- is connective tissue
B. More vessels dilated the lower the blood pressure!
2. The Capillaries: Exchange
A. Infiltrate every tissue of the body; making sure blood is everywhere!
B. they are only made of one layer
C. Only at certain times are different capillaries open: such as when eating only the digestive ones are open.
3. The veins to the heart
A. Venules are small veins that drain blood from the capillaries then join to form a vein.
B. The walls are the same 3 like the arteries. Except for a little less of each
C. The valves of the veins only allow to flow towards the heart
D. at any time 70% of your blood is in veins
5.3 The Heart is a Double-pump
A. the heart is cone shaped
B. App. Size of your heart is about the size of your fist!!
· Myocardium- The major portion of the heart consists largely of cardiac muscle tissue.
· Pericardium- This surrounds the heart and is a thick membranous sac that supports and protects the heart. Inside the pericardium a lubrication is produced so the when the heart pumps is moves smoothly.
· Septum- this separates the left and right side of the heart.
· Atrium- is the two upper chambers of the heart
· Ventricles- make up the thick lower 2 chambers
· AV valves- these lie between the atria and the ventricles
· Chordae tendineae- is thick strong fibrous strings that support the ventricular walls
· Semi-lunar valves- are the two remaining valves and are flaps shaped like half moons that lie between ventricles and their attached vessels.

Heart

http://images.search.yahoo.com/images/view?back=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.search.yahoo.com%2Fsearch%2Fimages%3Fp%3Dchambers%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bheart%26fr%3Dyfp-t-501%26ei%3Dutf-8%26js%3D1%26x%3Dwrt&w=450&h=332&imgurl=www.nhlbi.nih.gov%2Fhealth%2Fdci%2Fimages%2Fheart_interior.gif&rurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhlbi.nih.gov%2Fhealth%2Fdci%2FDiseases%2Fasd%2Fasd_heartworks.html&size=45kB&name=heart_interior.gif&p=chambers%20of%20the%20heart&type=gif&oid=5cec71b7669dc752&no=9&tt=843

1. Passage of Blood through the heart
· The superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava, which carry O2- poor Blood end the right atrium
· The right atrium sends blood through an a trio-ventricular valve (the tricuspid valve) to the right ventricle
· The right ventricle sends blood through the pulmonary semi lunar valve into the pulmonary trunk. The pulmonary trunk, which carries the poor blood, divided into two pulmonary arteries, which go to the lungs.
· Four pulmonary veins, which carry rich blood, enter the left atrium.
· The left atrium sends blood through an atrioventricular valve to the left ventricle
· The left ventricular sends blood through the aortic semi lunar valve into the aorta to the body proper.

2. The Heartbeat is controlled
A. The heartbeat is called the cardiac cycle
B. First the two atria contract then the two ventricles contract at the same time
C. Systole is the contract phase
D. Diastole is the rest phase
E. The average adult heartbeat is about 60-80 times a minute and each lasts about .85 second
F. A heart murmur is a slight swishing noise after each beat due to the ineffectiveness of the valves
2.1 The internal control of the heartbeat
A. Nodal tissue is a unique tissue found in the heart consisting of muscular and nervous characteristics
B. SA node- is found in the upper dorsal wall of the right atrium. And initiates the heartbeat and sends out a impulse every .85 seconds and is known as the pace maker
C. AV node- is located in the base of the right atrium very near the septum
2.2 The external control of the heartbeat
A. The control center in the Medulla Oblongata can change the rate of the heart.
B. This is done by Parasympathetic and Sympathetic portions of the nervous system.
C. Adrenaline can also affect the rate of the heart
3. The Electrocardiogram is a record of the heartbeat
A. This is an electrical record of your heartbeat
B. can detect abnormalities of the heart
5.3 Features of the cardiovascular system
1. The pulse rate equals the heart rate
A. pulse can be found on numerous parts of the body but the most common are the radial and carotid artery.
2. Blood flow is regulated
A. Blood pressure moves blood in arteries
a. Blood pressure is the pressure of blood against the wall of a blood vessel
b. the highest arterial pressure is called the systolic and the lower diastolic pressure
c. normal is about 120 over 80
B. Blood flow is slow in the capillaries
C. Blood flow in veins returns blood to the heart
1. The skeletal muscle pump which is dependent on the skeletal muscle contraction
2. The respiratory pump which is dependant on breathing
3. Valves in veins
5.5 Two cardiovascular pathways
A. Pulmonary- which takes it through the lungs
B. systemic circuit- which serves the bodies tissues
1. The pulmonary circuit: exchange of gases
A. First collects in the right atrium
B. Then passes into the right ventricle, which pumps it into the pulmonary trunk
C. Then divides into the left and right pulmonary arteries; they branch into each of the lungs
2. The Systemic Circuit: Exchanges with tissue fluid
A. The largest circuit is the aorta
B. The largest veins are Superior and Inferior Venae Cavae
1. Tracing the path of the blood:
a. Left ventricle-aorta-common iliac artery-femoral artery-lower leg capillaries-femoral vein- common iliac vein- inferior vena cava- right atrium
2. Coronary circulation
a. coronary arteries serve the heart muscle itself.
b. these may become clogged
3. Hepatic Portal System
a. the hepatic portal vein- takes the blood from the capillary bed of the digestive tract to a capillary bed in the liver
b. the hepatic vein leaves the liver and enters the vena cava
5.6 Exchange at the Capillaries
A. Two forces primarily take over here
1. Blood pressure
2. Osmotic pressure
B. The tissue fluid that is within the lymphatic system is called lymph
5.7 Cardiovascular Disorders
1. Disorders of the Blood Vessels
A. Heart attack
B. Stroke
C. aneurysm

Nutrician Pyramid ( By eating right you can lesson your chanc of stroke and heartattack among other health issues)

http://www.wou.edu/~sholmes/ed422website

1. High Blood Pressure
a. Hypertension- occurs when blood moves through the arteries at a higher pressure then normal
b. high blood pressure is usually seen in people who have
1. Atherosclerosis (fatty tissue deposits)
2. Plaque
3. A clot that remains stationary (thrombus)
4. A moving clot (embolus)
2. Stroke, heart attack, and aneurysm
a. These are related to high blood pressure
b. cerebrovascular accident – stroke
c. myocardial infarction- heart attack
d. partial blockage of the coronary artery- angina pectoris
3. Dissolving blood clots
a. use of drugs
4. Treating clogged arteries
a. coronary bypass operation
b. angioplasty
2. Disorders of the heart
A. heart failure is when a heart no longer pumps correctly
B. total artificial heart has no wires or tubes exiting the chest
6.1 Blood: an overview
1. Functions of Blood
A. Each human has about 5 liters and with each heart beat it pumps all of this!
B. Blood falls in three categories:
1. Blood is the primary transport medium. It delivers oxygen from the lungs and nutrients from the digestive tract to the tissues, where an exchange takes place. Then it takes away the carbon dioxide.
2. Blood defends the body against invasion by pathogens in several ways.
a. secreting antibodies
b. clotting when a cut is made
3. Blood has regulatory systems
a. regulates the body temp
2. Composition of blood
A. like any tissue it contains cells and cells fragments (together they are called formed elements)
B. They are suspend in a liquid called plasma
C. Therefore is considered liquid tissue
1. The formed elements
a. red blood cells are 2 to 3 times smaller then white cells
b. white blood cells
c. platelets
2. Plasma
a. distributes heat generated as a by product of metabolism
b. a liquid medium for blood
c. about 91% is water
d. the most abundant organic molecule in blood is plasma protein
e. osmotic pressure is the force that prevents excessive loss of plasma from the capillaries into tissue fluid
f. the three major types of proteins are:
1. Albumins- are the most abundant and contribute the most to plasmas osmotic pressure
2. Globulins- are of three types: Alpha, Beta, Gamma.
3. Fibrinogen- has an active formation of blood clots

Red Blood Cells

http://www.visualsunlimited.com/images/watermarked/283/283476.jpg

6.2 Red blood cells and transport of oxygen
1. How red blood cells carry oxygen
A. Red blood cells are highly specialized to carry oxygen and transport it
B. hemoglobin is what gives it the red color
C. When oxygen binds to heme in the lungs it takes on another shape called oxyhemoglobin
D. when the oxygen is released into the tissue then it takes on its former shape – deoxyhemoglobin
2. How red blood cells help transport carbon dioxide
A. About 7% is dissolved in the plasma
B. about 25% is directly transported in the hemoglobin
C. The rest about 68% is carried as bicarbonate in the plasma.
3. Red blood cells are produced in bone marrow
A.RBC stem cells are in the bone marrow
B. as red blood cells mature they loose their nucleus and gain hemoglobin
C. about 2 mil are destroyed every sec
D. and the same amount are produced
1. Blood doping
a. The body boost the number of RBC’s when there is a drop in oxygen
b. then the kidneys release erythropoietin which stimulates more RBC’s growth
c. this is a method of increasing the normal supply of RBC’s for the purpose of delivering oxygen more efficiently
4. Disorders involving Red blood cells
A. Anemia is the lack of hemoglobin and vitamin deficiency
B. Hemolytic is the rupturing of red blood cells
C. Sickle- Cell disease is a hereditary condition in which the individual has sickle shaped
D. Hemolytic disease of the newborn- type of hemolytic anemia

White Blood Cells

http://www.bodyofwealth.com/images/white-blood-cells_5257.jpg

6.3 White blood cells and defense against disease
A. Long and have a nucleus, lack hemoglobin, and are translucent
B. Production is controlled by Colony- Stimulating factor
C. Fight infection
1. Types of white blood cells
A. granular leukocytes
1. Include: neutophilis, eosinophils, and basophiles.
2. Neutophilis account for 50 to 70% of white blood cells, the first to respond to an infection, death in large amounts leads to pus
3. Eosinophils increase when an allergic reaction has taken place or a parasite worm
4. Basophiles are dark blue in color. And they react during an allergic reaction or asthma reaction
B. Agranular leukocytes
1. Known for about 25 to 35% of all white cells
2. responsible for poisons or toxins
3. There are two types B and T cells.
4. AIDS unfortunately attack the T cells which lead to the immune deficiency
2. Disorders involving the white blood cells
A. Sever combined immunodeficiency disease
B. Leukemia
C. Infectious Mononucleosis
6.4 Platelets and Blood Clotting
A. Platelets result from fragmentation of certain large cells
B. Megakaryocytic are in the red bone marrow
C. clotting
1. Blood Clotting
A. When a blood vessel is damaged platelets clump at the site and clogs the site
B. up to 12 factors participate in the clotting process
C. prothrombin activator converts plasma protein
D. Prothrombin to thrombin.
E. Thrombin makes an enzyme that severs two short amino acid chains forming fibrin
F. After the clot a yellow liquid is excreted and it is serum
2. Disorders Related to Blood Clotting
A. an insufficient number of platelets is called thrombocytopenia. (Can result in a heart attack)
B. Hemophilia is a clotting disorder
6.5 Blood typing and transfusions
A. Blood transfusions is the transfer of blood from one individual into the blood of another
B. in order for the transfusions to be done correctly then agglutination needs to happen to make sure that the blood doesn’t clot
1. ABO Blood Groups
A. Certain types of blood transfusions can only be done
B. Two antigens determine who can receive the blood and who cannot
2. Rh Blood Groups
A. if a mother is pregnant with a child who is Rh + and she is Rh – this can cause the mothers defense system try to fight off the pregnancy
B. will require blood transfusions through out the pregnancy to help with this
6.6 Homeostasis

Digestive System
http://www.rock-hill.k12.sc.us/schools/middle/slms/Digestive_AH4/Digestive%20system.gif
A. The digestive system supplies nutrients

Respitory system http://www.amersol.edu.pe/class09/_09fdelap/7th/science/human/images/respiratorysystem.jpg
B. The respiratory system supplies oxygen and removes carbon dioxide from the blood

Nervous System
http://images.search.yahoo.com/images/view?back=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.search.yahoo.com%2Fsearch%2Fimages%3Fp%3Dnervous%2Bsystem%26y%3DSearch%26fr%3Dsfp%26ei%3Dutf-8%26js%3D1%26x%3Dwrt&w=840&h=1091&imgurl=personalpages.tds.net%2F%7Eelrodh%2FNervsyst.JPG&rurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mayukhgoswami2004.bravehost.com%2Fmayukh7000.html&size=701.2kB&name=Nervsyst.JPG&p=nervous%20system&type=JPG&oid=836e8ee145100d4a&no=5&tt=62694

http://www.vaxa.com/images/4010a.jpg

C. The nervous system and endocrine systems are involved in maintaining blood pressure Lymphatic System
http://images.search.yahoo.com/images/view?back=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.search.yahoo.com%2Fsearch%2Fimages%3Fp%3Dlymphatic%2Bsystem%26js%3D1%26ei%3Dutf-8%26y%3DSearch%26fr%3Dyfp-t-501%26xargs%3D0%26pstart%3D1%26b%3D21%26ni%3D20&w=600&h=900&imgurl=www.unm.edu%2F%7Ejimmy%2Flymphatic_system.jpg&rurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unm.edu%2F%7Ejimmy%2Flymph_notes.htm&size=212.9kB&name=lymphatic_system.jpg&p=lymphatic%20system&type=JPG&oid=0d051b62ab7d3cdc&no=27&tt=6777

D. The Lymphatic system returns tissue fluid to the veins.

Skeletal

http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/skeleton_labeled.gif

E. Skeletal muscle contractions and breathing movements propel blood in the veins
7.1 Microbes, Pathogens, and You

A. Bacteria and Viruses collectively are Pathogens
B. The body has three lines of defense:
1. Barriers to entry, such as skin and mucous membranes of body cavities, act to prevent pathogens from gaining entrance into the body.
2. First responders, such as phagocyte white blood cells, act to prevent an infection after an invasion has occurred
3. Specific defenses overcome an infection by killing the particular disease-causing agent that has entered the body.
1. Bacteria
A. Are single celled prokaryotes and don’t have a nucleus.

Bacteria

http://images.search.yahoo.com/images/view?back=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.search.yahoo.com%2Fsearch%2Fimages%3Fp%3Dbacteria%26y%3DSearch%26fr%3Dsfp%26ei%3Dutf-8%26js%3D1%26x%3Dwrt&w=1024&h=768&imgurl=www.bergoiata.org%2Ffe%2Ffavs%2FBacteria.jpg&rurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bergoiata.org%2Ffe%2Ffavs%2F10.htm&size=101.1kB&name=Bacteria.jpg&p=bacteria&type=JPG&oid=fbdbe904ca34a9f4&no=3&tt=268386

B. Three common shapes:
1. Bacillus has a rod shape
2. Coccus has a spherical shape
3. Spirillum has a curved shape
C. Can move backwards with Flagellum
D. can adhere to cell hosts with fimbriae.
E. Pilus is used to transfer DNA from one cell to another
F. some bacteria have accessory rings of DNA called Plasmids.
2. Virus
A. Bridge the gap between the living and nonliving
B. Virus’s cause disease EX colds, AIDS, Flu
C. Virus has two parts:
1. The outer capsid composed of protein units
2. Inner core of nucleic acid
3. Prions
A. a group of degenerative diseases
B. Creutzfeltd jakob disease
C. Mad cow disease.
D. This is caused by eating brains and connective tissue of infected animals
7.2 The Lymphatic system
A. Four main functions
1. Lymphatic capillaries absorb excess tissue fluid and return it to the bloodstream
2. In the small intestines, lymphatic capillaries called lacteals absorb fats in the form of lipoproteins and transport them to the bloodstream
3. The lymphatic system is responsible for the production, maintains, and distribution pf lymphocytes
4. The lymphatic system helps defend the body against pathogens
1. Lymphatic Vessels
A. Has two Ducts:
1. Thoracic duct returns lymph collected from the body below the thorax the left arm and the left leg head and neck into the right subcalvan vein
2. The right lymphatic duct
2. Lymphatic Organs
A. Primary
1. Red bone marrow
2. Thymus gland
B. Secondary
1. Lymph nodes
2. Spleen
7.3 Non specific defenses
A. Barriers to entry: The body puts up barriers that can be likened to doors that are usually shut tight, and many of which have special features that bar the possible entry of pathogens
B. Phagocytic white blood cells, the neutophilis and macrophages. We will considers these two phagpcytic white blood cells in the context of the inflammatory response, a special reaction the body has when first invaded.
1. Barriers of entry
A. Skin and Mucous membranes
B. chemical barriers
C. Resident bacteria
2. Inflammatory Response
A. The second line of defense
B. Like an army defending its nation
C. First the neutrophils are and act like scouts- eating the debris, assessing the damage, dead cells, and any bacteria they encounter.
D. Protective proteins
7.4 Specific Defenses
1. How specific Defense Works
A. Antigens recognize foreign body objects
B. Examples: bacteria, virus, molds
C. B or T cells are then sent out
D. B Cells:
· Antibody-mediated immunity against pathogens
· Produced and mature in bone marrow
· Directly recognize and then undergo clonal selection
· Clonal expansion produces antibody-secreting plasma cells as well memory B cells
E. T Cells:
· Cell-mediated immunity against virus-infected cells and cancer cells
· Produced in bone marrow, mature in thymus
· Antigen must be presented in groove of an HLA molecule
· Cytotoxic T Cells destroy non-self antigen-bearing cells
· Helper T cells secret cytokines that control the immune response
7.5 Acquired Immunity
A. Active immunity- is when an individual produces the antibodies themselves
B. Passive Immunity- is when a physician gives them by injection
1. Active Immunity
A. Sometimes they develop naturally
B. Children are vaccinated to some diseases
Ex: Chicken Pox, Hep. A and B
C. They will begin immunizations at birth
2. Passive Immunity
A. People are given a pre-measured amount of antibodies to fight off a disease
B. if an individual has been exposed to a infectious disease then they will receive a Gamma Globulin shot
7.6 Hypersensitivity Reactions
1. Allergies

Pollen
http://www.uiowa.edu/~cemrf/archive/sem/large/Pollen.gif

A. Allergies are a hypersensitivity to substances such as pollen
B. An immediate allergic reaction can happen within seconds
C. Anaphylactic shock is when it enters the blood stream
Ex. Bee stings
2. Tissue rejection
A. Is when an Organ transplant is rejected
B. This is controlled by a drug injection: Immunosuppressive
C. Xenotransplantation
1. When an animal organ is used
2. The hope is to make pigs Type O so it’s universal
3. Disorders of the Immune system
A. Autoimmune disease is when its own T cells or antibodies attack its own cells
B. Myasthenia Gravis is weakened muscles
C. MS- Neuromuscular systems
D. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus- Kidney damage

Rheumatoid Arthritis

http://www.dartmouth.edu/~thabif/weeklyClinic021901/17RheumatoidNodule.jpg

E. Rheumatoid Arthritis the joints are affected
F. AIDS is part of this too

Daily Diet Mini Lab 2

I don’t think that my diet was very healthy that day. There was a lot of fat in it. Even though I was in the recommend daily allowance of calories, it was still bad. My family tries not eat out a lot because we try to stay away from the fat and calories so I make sure that I cook for them at least 6 times a week. So by cooking I believe that it is pretty healthy but I could defiantly do better.

I would change the soda intake; I drink a lot of soda for the caffeine. I am up really early with a child and I go to bed really late with homework and whatnot.
I would also try to get my daily intake of fruits and vegetables.

I am currently thinking about weight watchers online, so they have the same concept with the counter there’s is just with a point system that they have in place. So I believe if everyone was to track how many calories that they ate it might be a reality check. This may pursued others to really watch what they eat.

The good, the bad, and the ugly!

Cloning has been a hot topic from the very beginning. Although, there are benefits to it there are way too many risks that are involved. They started with animals but would it be right to start with humans? We have already started the beginning processes of the cloning but just have not taken it to the full degree.

Cloning would be beneficial to the medical field because there are so many people waiting for donor organs. By cloning animals for the organs would help fill this gap and give people a better chance of living. Another reason why this would be a good thing is for couples that are not able to have children this would be able to give them a chance to. Now we are already having In-Vitro that is insemination of embryos.

However there are plenty of risks involved with cloning as well. Some of them would include: clones not surviving for very long, animals have enlarged organs, and scientists don’t have control of how they will develop after there are made into embryos.

I personally feel that the risks are too great until we know more about it. I think that when we perfect the cloning of animals, that we then can bring up cloning humans. This is a very touchy subject though because of religions and other people’s viewpoints. I think that if it would benefit human kind then I am all for it.

Even though we have cloned animals, humans are still a little far fetched still. I don’t rule it out forever but I do believe that it will be a while. I just don’t think that the funding is in the research area.