16.1 Human Life Cycle
16.2 Male Reproductive System
~Orgasm in Males
~Male Gonads, the Testes
~ Hormonal Regulation in Males
16.3 Female reproductive system
~The Genital Tract
~External Genitals
~Orgasm in Females
16.4. Female Hormone Levels
~The Ovarian Cycle: Non Pregnant
~uterine Cycle: Non Pregnant
~Fertilization and Pregnancy
16.5 Control of Reproduction
~Birth Control Methods
~Infertility
16.6 Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Chapter 17: Development and Aging
17.1 Fertilization
~Steps of Fertilization
17.2 Pre-Embryonic and Embryonic Development
~Process of Development
~Extra embryonic Membranes
~Stages of Development
17.3 Fetal Development
~Events of Fetal Development
~Development of Male and Female Genitals
17.4 Pregnancy and Birth
~Birth
17.5 Development after Birth
~Hypotheses of Aging
~Effect of age on Body systems
16.1 Human Life Cycle
A. Puberty is the sequence of events by which a child becomes a sexually competent young adult
B. Sexual maturity occurs between the age 11-14 in girls and 14-16 in boys
C. The reproductive organs have the following functions:
Males produce sperm within the testes and females produce eggs in the ovaries
males nurture and transport sperm in ducts until they exit the penis, and females transport the eggs in uterine tubes to the uterus
The male penis functions to deliver sperm to the female vagina which functions to receive the sperm.
The uterus of the female allows the fertilized egg to develop within her body. After birth the female breast gains milk
The testes and ovaries produce the sex hormones that maintain the testes and ovaries and have a profound effect on the body bc they bring about masculinity and feminization also allow a pregnancy to continue
http://www.answers.com/topic/male-reproductive-system-human16.2 Males Reproductive System
http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/T/testes.htmlA. The testes are suspended in the scrotum
B. Sperm matures in the Epididymis which is tightly coiled duct layering just outside the testes
C. when sperm exits the Epididymis it enters the vas Deferens also called the ductus deferens (which also may store it)
D. when the jocularly ducts dispense sperm then they are through the urethra
E. The fluid is semen
16.3 Orgasm in Males
A. Foreskin is what covers the penis (circumcision is what gets rid of it)
B. ED- Erectile Dysfunction happens when the veins that take blood away from the penis are compressed
C. 400 million sperm released each time
D. it takes about 74 days for sperm to become mature
http://www.erin.utoronto.ca/~w3bio380/lecture5.htmE. A mature sperm has three distinct parts:
1. Head
2. middle
3. tail
F. The Hypothalamus has ultimate control of the testes sexual function.
G. This secrets a hormone called GnRH this stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete the gonadtropic hormone.
H. There are two different types of hormones:
1. Follicle-stimulating hormone
2. luteinizing Hormone
I. Testosterone is the main Sex hormone
http://www.tqnyc.org/NYC063547/reproductivesystem.html16.3 Female Reproductive System
A. Ovaries lie in shallow depressions in the upper pelvic cavities
B. Ovaries produce eggs
C. Female Hormones
Estrogen
Progesterone
D. Oviducts-conduct eggs: location of fertilization
E. Uterus- houses developing fetus
F. the Cervix is the opening of the uterus
G. The lining of the uterus is called endometrium
H. the Annual test that women do is a pap test
I. The Vagina is 45 degree angle to the small of the back
http://wso.williams.edu/orgs/peerh/women/wsexam.html1. External Genitals
A. Vulva
· Two large folds
· Hair covered
· The two folds are called labia majora
B. The labia minora has:
· Two smaller folds
· They lye inside the labia majora
· They extend from the inner vagina to the outer
C. The Glans Clitoris
· Contains tissue
· Shaft
· Becomes engorged during arousal
http://www.stayinginshape.com/3osfcorp/libv/w14.shtml16.4 Female Hormone Levels
1. Ovarian Cycle: Non-pregnant
A. each ovary contains follicles.
B. Immature eggs are called oocyte
C.400,000 eggs is what a woman starts out with
D. a woman released 1 egg a month
E. this process is ovulation
2. The ovarian Cycle
A. Follicular phase
B. Luteal Phase
3. The uterine Cycle: non pregnant
A. Estrogen and progesterone have lots of functions
B. The cycle:
· Days 1-5: a low level of estrogen and progesterone in the body cause the endometrium to disintegrate and its blood vessels to rupture. On day one the menses begins
· Days 6-13 increased production of estrogen by a new ovarian follicle in the ovary causes the endometrium to thicken and become vascular and glandular.
· Day 14 you ovulate
· 15-28: increased production of progesterone by the corpus luteum in the ovary causes the endometrium of the uterus to double or triple in thickness and the glands to mature.
Fertilization and pregnancy
only one sperm will fertilize a Zygote
The fertilized egg will stay in the lining for several days
An abortion removes the fertilized zygote
The placenta sustains the developing embryo. An absence of the menstruation is a sign that she may be pregnant
http://www.flickr.com/photos/treyevan/431632034/16.5 Control of reproduction
A. to regulate how many children are being had
http://www.uwm.edu/~cortneyB. Birth Control Methods:
· Birth control pills
· IUD
· Diaphragm
· Female condom
· Male condom
· Implants
· Injections (Depo)
· Vasectomy
· Tubal Ligation
· The morning after pill
1. Infertility
is considered after 1 year with actively trying to have a child and no success
The most frequent cause is low sperm count
Weight for women is the number one cause
When couple cant get pregnant on there own they look to technology:
Artificial insemination by donor: this is done by a doctor and is typically done with a donor however the partner can be the one
In vitro fertilization: this is done when conception is done in a glass then implanted in the uterus.
Gamete Intrafallopian transfer: where the eggs are removed and then placed all in the same visit.
Surrogate mothers: When your egg and the males sperm is put together in another woman’s uterus
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection: when a single sperm is injected into the egg
16.6 Sexually transmitted diseases
A. STDs are caused by viruses, bacteria, protests, fungi, and animals.
1. STDs that are caused by viruses
A. HIV infection
http://www.euromeds.co.uk/images/aldaraB. Genital Warts: are caused by the human papillomaviruses. Some may never have any signs of it or some may just have flat lesions.
http://www.herpes-coldsores-treatment-pictures.com/female_herpes.htmC. Genital herpes: are caused by a simplex virus. Type 1 usually causes cold sores and type 2 causes genital herpes. These are open blisters that can take as long as 3 weeks to heal or as little as 5 days!
D. Hepatitis: affects the liver and lead to liver failure. There are 6 types known.
2. STDS caused by bacteria
A. Chlamydia: men may have a slight burning sensation during urination and women if left untreated can cause infertility or sterilization
B. Gonorrhea: Men a painful urination followed by a thick greenish discharge will appear.
http://dermatlas.med.jhmi.edu/derm/IndexDisplay.cfm?ImageID=-1930323212C. Syphilis: Pen is affective here to fight off the infection. Syphilis has three stages: 1.hard Chancre 2. Rash. 3. can affect the cardiovascular system large ulcers
http://life.bio.sunysb.edu/biochem/lennarz17.1 Fertilization
A. Fertilization is the union of a sperm and egg to form a zygote
1. Steps of fertilization
A. The tail of the sperm is Flagellum it allows it swim.
B. The middle piece contains energy producing mitochondria
C. the Head contains a nucleus capped by a membrane-bound acrosome.
17.2 Pre-embryonic and Embryonic Development
A. Process of Development:
1. Cleavage: Immediately after fertilization, the zygote begin to divide so that there are first 2, then 4, 8, 16 and 32 cells and so forth. Increase in size does not accompany these divisions.
2. Growth: during the embryonic development, cell division is accompanied by an increase in size of the daughter cells.
3. Morphogenesis: refers to the shaping of the embryo and is first evident when certain cells are seen to move.
4. Differentiation: when cells take on a specific structure and function, differentiation is the nervous system.
B. Extraembryonic Membranes:
1. Chorion: develops into the fetal half of the placenta, the organ that provides the fetus/embryo with nourishment and oxygen and takes away the waste.
2. Allantois: like the yolk sac extends away from the embryo it accumulates the small amount of urine produced by the fetal kidneys and later gives rise to the urinary bladder.
3. Yolk sac: the yolk sac is the first embryonic membrane to appear.
4. Amnion: enlarges as the embryo and then the fetus enlarges. It contains fluid to cushion and protect the embryo which develops into a fetus.
1. Stages of Develop
A. The due date is usually about 280 days after the last menstruation.
B. only about 5% actually comes on that day
http://www.soc.hawaii.edu/ws350/spr04/prenatal&twin.htmC. Pre embryonic development.
· The events in the first week
http://jade.ccccd.edu/mweis/BIOL%202402/Lab/lab%20exercise%20reviews/repro/development/development_gross_list_page.htmEmbryonic Development
Begins the second week
Last until the end of the 2nd month
The embryo implants itself into the uterus
Turns into a embryonic disk called gastrulation
The third week
Organ systems make there appearance
The nervous system is the first to show
The heart begins in the third week
http://www.blessedmargaret.org/fetal_development.htmFourth and Fifth weeks
At four weeks the embryo is barley larger then height at this point
Umbilical cord being to develop
Little flippers are bud like
6th-8th week
changes to a human form
17.3 Fetal Development
A. The placenta is the source of progesterone and estrogen during pregnancy.
B. These hormones have two functions:
Because of negative feedback on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary, they prevent any new follicles from maturing
They maintain the endometrium- menses actually does not actually occur.
http://www.beaumonthospitals.com/pls/portal30/site.web_pkg.page?xpageid=heart_fetalC. path of fetal blood
The umbilical cord stretches between the placenta and the fetus.
Blood within the fetal aorta travels to its various branches
the lack of any one of these things can cause the baby to be blue:
Return of this blood to the left side of the heart usually causes a flap to cover the oval opening.
The arterial duct closes at birth because endothelial cells divide and block off the duct.
Remains of the arterial duct and parts of the umbilical arteries and veins later are transformed into connective tissue.
1. events of fetal development
fetal development includes the third through the ninth month
2. third and fourth month
during the beginning of the third month the head is bigger then the body
fingernails, nipples, eyelashes and eyebrows begin to form
the fetal heartbeat is loud enough to be heard with a stethoscope
3. Fifth through 7 months
the mother begins to feel movement
the skin is covered by fine hair called lanugo
vernix is what covers the baby is white and greasy
eighth month through ninth month
the fetus weighs 7.5 lbs
20.5 in long
Full term babies have the best chance of survival.
Development of male and female genitals
The sex is known from the moment of conception
During the first several weeks of development
Gonads don’t start developing until the seventh week of development
External genitals
At six weeks a bud is formed
By 14 weeks its determined into the sex
17.4 Pregnancy and Birth
A. major changes that take place in the mother’s body during pregnancy are due to placental hormones.
· The energy level fluctuates
· The uterus Relaxes
· The pulmonary Values Increase
· Still other effects
Birth
Lasting about 20-30 seconds and occurring every 15-20 min
These are Braxton Hicks Contractions
The first stage is parturition which is the process of giving birth to an offspring
There can bloody show this caused by the explosion of the mucus plug
Stage 1:
· During the first stage of labor
· Contractions of are down in cervix
· The water breaks
· The cervix is dilating to 10 cm
D. Stage 2:
· Ute run contractions 1-2 min apart
· With the desire to push
· The baby descends into the birth canal
Stage 3:
· `The placenta or afterbirth
17.5 Development after birth
A. ageing encompasses progressive changes from about age 20 on that contribute to an increased risk of informatory, disease, and death
B. Hypotheses of ageing
· ageing may have a genetic bases
· ageing may be due to changes that affect the whole body
· aging may be due to extrinsic factors
No comments:
Post a Comment