11.1 Skeletal System
· Functions
· Anatomy
11.2 Bone Growth, Remodeling, and Repair
· Development and growth
· Remodeling and its role in homeostasis
· Bone repair
11.3 Bones of the Axial Skeleton
· The skull
· The ribs
11.4 Bones of the Appendicular Skeleton
· The pectoral girdle and upper limb
· The pelvic girdle and lower limb
11.5 Articulations
· Movements permitted by synovial joints
12.1 Muscular System
· Types
· Functions
· Muscles of the body
· Names and actions
12.2 Skeletal Muscle Fiber Contraction
· Muscle Fibers and how they slide
· Control muscle fiber contraction
12.3 Whole muscle contraction
· Have motor units
· Energy for muscle contraction
· Fast and slow twitch
· Delayed onset muscle soreness
12.4 Muscle disorders
· Common muscle conditions
· Muscle diseases
12.5 Homeostasis
· Both systems produce movement
· Protection
· Store and release calcium
http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S0202SYAtIBvUA7YGjzbkF/SIG=122erfck2/EXP=1208791570/**http:/home.hawaii.rr.com/collaner/Health.html11.1 Overview of the Skeletal System
1. Functions of the skeleton
A. Supports the body
B. Protects soft body parts
C. Stores minerals and fat
2. Anatomy of a long Bone
A. Diaphysis is the long shaft or main portion of the bone
B. Medullary Cavity is filled with yellow bone marrow and stores far EX: Diaphysis
C. Articular Cartilage occurs at the joint
http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S0204VYQtIfXwAEDKjzbkF/SIG=11o51mdv1/EXP=1208791701/**http:/www.spot-on-health.com/?p=9D. Compact bone is highly organized oppose to spongy
E. In the Spongy bone red bone marrow stays
F. Ligaments are made up of fibrous connective tissue
11.2 Bone Growth, Remodeling, and Repair
A. cells those are included in this process:
Osteoblastshttp://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S020ovYgtIQLcAumCjzbkF/SIG=129h2sa4p/EXP=1208791983/**http:/www.technion.ac.il/~mdcourse/274203/lect5.html
· Osteblasts- are bone-forming cells.
· Osteblasts- are bone-forming cells.
http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S020phYgtIQLcA5majzbkF/SIG=12grnso1i/EXP=1208792033/**http:/www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Delta_Mission/SEMFCK1PGQD_1.html· Osteocytes- are mature bones cells derived from osteoblasts.
http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S020q_YgtI1bkAGh6jzbkF/SIG=11q6dqqr2/EXP=1208792127/**http:/resadm.uchc.edu/hcrac/histology · Osteoclasts- are bone absorbing cells
1. Bone Development and Growth
A. Formation of bone is (ossification)
- http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S0206UYQtIGHMApISjzbkF/SIG=12e5uh973/EXP=1208791828/**http:/catalog.nucleusinc.com/enlargeexhibit.php?ID=1980
B. intramembranous ossification:
· EX skull
· Bone develops between sheets of fibrous connective tissue.
· Cells derived from connective tissue cells become osteoblasts
C. Endochondal ossification
Cartilage model
Bone collar
Primary ossification center
Medullary cavity and secondary ossification sites
Epiphyseal plate
D. Bone Remodeling and its role in Homeostasis
A. Bone recycling allows the body to regulate the amount of calcium in the blood.
B. If calcium falls to low then the body will go into convulsions
C. If it is too high then muscle cells no longer function
2. Bone Repair
Hemotoma
- http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S020w4ZgtIOwwBdNujzbkF/SIG=12m1kkrq7/EXP=1208793016/**http:/www.becomehealthynow.com/mira2_front/printpage.php?id=830
D. hypoid bone- is not part of the skull but is also not affiliated with any other system
E. Vertebral Column
Consists of 33 vertebrae
Has four curvatures
- http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S020m3ZgtIWEoBzIGjzbkF/SIG=12p19cr36/EXP=1208793143/**http:/www.faqs.org/health/Body-by-Design-V2/The-Skeletal-System.html
F. The rib Cage
There are 12 pairs of ribs
The seven upper rib pairs connect directly to the sternum
Protect lungs and heart
The sternum is the middle plate in between the ribs
11.4 Bones of the Appendicular
A. Pectoral girdle
Scapula
Clavicle
http://www.voxel-man.de/vm/voxel-man-arm.en.html
B. The upper limb
Arm contains humorous
Forearm contains radius and ulna
Hand contains carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges
C. the pelvic girdle
Coxal bones
Lower leg
D. Lower limb
Thigh contains the femur
Leg contains tibia and fibula
Foot contains tarsal, metacarpals, and phalanges
11.5 Articulations
Synovial joint that is a joint having a cavity filled with synovial fluid, a lubricant for the joint.
Fibrous joints are movable
Cartilaginous are slightly movable
12.1 Overview of muscular System
A. Three types of Muscles
http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S0202IZwtIWfQA5uOjzbkF/SIG=136dnn2sf/EXP=1208793352/**http:/oregonstate.edu/~peila/Pharmstuff/Projector%20Slides/Projector%20SlidesCardiac Muscle-
1. Smooth
· Has spindle-shaped non-striated, uninucleated fibers
· Occurs in walls of internal organs
· Is involuntary
Cadiac Muscle
- http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S020w4aQtIQxkB382jzbkF/SIG=135cvec5a/EXP=1208793784/**http:/www.postershop.co.uk/Anonymous/Anonymous-Cellular-Respiration-9912378.html
D. Cellular Respiration a molecule that combines with and stores oxygen, cellular respiration
2. fast and slow twitches
A. Fast twitches:
· Are usually anaerobic and seem to be designed for strength because of there motor units contain many fibers.
· Explosions of energy
· Light in color
· Fewer blood vessels
· They fatigue quickly
B. Slow twitches:
· More endurance
· Stronger tug
· Dark in color
· Surrounded by dense capillary systems
· Develop slowly
C. delayed onset muscle
· Appears 24-48 hrs after strenuous exercise
· EX walking, running downhill, push-ups
12.4 Muscular Disorders
A. Muscle disorders are divided into those that are commonly seen and those that are more serious in nature
1. Common Muscular Conditions
A. spasms are sudden and involuntary muscular contractions most accompany with pain.
B. Convolutions are multiple spasms of skeletal muscles
C. Cramps are strong painful spasms especially of the leg and foot
D. Facial tics such as periodic eye blinking head turning or grimacing are spasms that can be controlled voluntary
E. Tendinitis movement of the joint becomes painful
http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S0203laQtI3v8ArJujzbkF/SIG=11qfbnbd6/EXP=1208793957/**http:/www.supplementnews.org/bursitis
F. bursitis is an inflammatory response of bursa; people who bend an extremity multiple times a day for hours at a time can have this
2. Muscular disease
Myalgia
1. Bone Development and Growth
A. Formation of bone is (ossification)
- http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S0206UYQtIGHMApISjzbkF/SIG=12e5uh973/EXP=1208791828/**http:/catalog.nucleusinc.com/enlargeexhibit.php?ID=1980B. intramembranous ossification:
· EX skull
· Bone develops between sheets of fibrous connective tissue.
· Cells derived from connective tissue cells become osteoblasts
C. Endochondal ossification
Cartilage model
Bone collar
Primary ossification center
Medullary cavity and secondary ossification sites
Epiphyseal plate
D. Bone Remodeling and its role in Homeostasis
A. Bone recycling allows the body to regulate the amount of calcium in the blood.
B. If calcium falls to low then the body will go into convulsions
C. If it is too high then muscle cells no longer function
2. Bone Repair
Hemotomawww.meddean.luc.edu
Hematoma- after, a fracture blood escapes from ruptured blood vessels and forms a hematoma.
Fibrocartillageinous Callus- tissue repair begins, and a fibrocartillage callus fills in the space between the ends of the broken bone for about three weeks.
Bony Callus osteoblasts produces trabeculae of spongy bone and convert the fibrocartillage callus to a bony callus that joins the broken bones together and lasts about three to four months
Remodeling osteoblasts build new compact bone
11.3 Bones of the axial skeleton
A. Skull
B. Cranium
Sinuses
Fontanels
Frontal bone- the forehead
Parietal bone- sides
Occipital bone- base of skull
Foramen magnum- spinal cord pass through this
Sphenoid bone- which is shaped like a bat with outstretched wings
Ethmoid bone- lies in front of the sphenoid bone
C. The facial Bones
Mandible- jaw
Maxillae- form the upper jaw
Zygomatic bones- cheekbone
Nasal bones- bridge of the nose
Hematoma- after, a fracture blood escapes from ruptured blood vessels and forms a hematoma.
Fibrocartillageinous Callus- tissue repair begins, and a fibrocartillage callus fills in the space between the ends of the broken bone for about three weeks.
Bony Callus osteoblasts produces trabeculae of spongy bone and convert the fibrocartillage callus to a bony callus that joins the broken bones together and lasts about three to four months
Remodeling osteoblasts build new compact bone
11.3 Bones of the axial skeleton
A. Skull
B. Cranium
Sinuses
Fontanels
Frontal bone- the forehead
Parietal bone- sides
Occipital bone- base of skull
Foramen magnum- spinal cord pass through this
Sphenoid bone- which is shaped like a bat with outstretched wings
Ethmoid bone- lies in front of the sphenoid bone
C. The facial Bones
Mandible- jaw
Maxillae- form the upper jaw
Zygomatic bones- cheekbone
Nasal bones- bridge of the nose
- http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S020w4ZgtIOwwBdNujzbkF/SIG=12m1kkrq7/EXP=1208793016/**http:/www.becomehealthynow.com/mira2_front/printpage.php?id=830D. hypoid bone- is not part of the skull but is also not affiliated with any other system
E. Vertebral Column
Consists of 33 vertebrae
Has four curvatures
- http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S020m3ZgtIWEoBzIGjzbkF/SIG=12p19cr36/EXP=1208793143/**http:/www.faqs.org/health/Body-by-Design-V2/The-Skeletal-System.htmlF. The rib Cage
There are 12 pairs of ribs
The seven upper rib pairs connect directly to the sternum
Protect lungs and heart
The sternum is the middle plate in between the ribs
11.4 Bones of the Appendicular
A. Pectoral girdle
Scapula
Clavicle
http://www.voxel-man.de/vm/voxel-man-arm.en.htmlB. The upper limb
Arm contains humorous
Forearm contains radius and ulna
Hand contains carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges
C. the pelvic girdle
Coxal bones
Lower legD. Lower limb
Thigh contains the femur
Leg contains tibia and fibula
Foot contains tarsal, metacarpals, and phalanges
11.5 Articulations
Synovial joint that is a joint having a cavity filled with synovial fluid, a lubricant for the joint.
Fibrous joints are movable
Cartilaginous are slightly movable
12.1 Overview of muscular System
A. Three types of Muscles
http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S0202IZwtIWfQA5uOjzbkF/SIG=136dnn2sf/EXP=1208793352/**http:/oregonstate.edu/~peila/Pharmstuff/Projector%20Slides/Projector%20SlidesCardiac Muscle-1. Smooth
· Has spindle-shaped non-striated, uninucleated fibers
· Occurs in walls of internal organs
· Is involuntary
Cadiac Musclehttp://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S0203LZwtI2v8ArPujzbkF/SIG=136g4rga8/EXP=1208793419/**http:/oregonstate.edu/~peila/Pharmstuff/Projector%20Slides/Projector%20Slides
2. Cardiac Muscle
· Has striated branched generally uninucleated fibers
· Occurs in the walls of the heart
· Is involuntary
http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S02079ZwtILoAA6gujzbkF/SIG=127ggc356/EXP=1208793469/**http:/www.brown.edu/Courses/BI0032/adltstem/sm.htm
3. Skeletal muscle
· Has striated tubular multinucleated fibers
· Is usually attached to skeleton
· Is voluntary
B. Functions:
Skeletal muscles support the body
Skeletal muscles make bones move
Skeletal muscles help maintain a constant body temperature
Skeletal muscle contraction assists movement in cardiovascular and lymphatic vessels.
Skeletal muscles help protect internal organs and stabilize joints.
C. Names and actions
size
EX: Gluteus Maxim us is the largest muscle
shape
· Trapeziuz is shaped like a trapezoid
· Latissimus is wide
· Terres is round
location
direction of muscle fibers
· rectus means straight
· transverse is across
· oculi is the eye
attachment
12.2 Skeletal Muscle Fiber and Contraction
A. Nerve impulses travel down motor neurons and stimulate muscle fibers
B. sarcolemma- plasma membrane of a muscle fiber that forms T tubules
C. sarcoplasm- cytoplasm of a muscle fiber that contains the organelles, including myofibrious
D. Glycogen- a polysaccharide that stores energy for muscle contractions
E. mygolobin- a red pigment that stores oxygen for muscle contraction
F. T tubule- Extension of the sarcolemma that extends into the muscle fiber and conveys impulses that cause Ca2+
G. Myofibril- a bundle of myofilaments that contracts
H. Myofilaments- actin filaments or myosin filaments, whose structure and functions account for muscle striations and contractions.
12.3 Whole Muscle Contraction
A. Whole muscle contraction is dependent on muscle fiber contraction
B. a nerve fiber together with all of the muscle fibers it innervates in called a motor unit.
C. This obeys the all or none law, because all the muscles have to be stimulated at once
D. Muscle twitch:
1. Latent period
2. Contraction period
3. Relaxation period
1. Energy for muscle contraction
A. Has four possible stages:
1. Muscle glycogen
2. Blood Glucose
3. Plasma fatty acids
4. Muscle triglycerides
B. the CP pathway the simplest and most rapid way for muscle to produce ATP is use to the CP pathway because it only consist of one reaction
C. Fermentation: produces two ATP from the breakdown of glucose to lactate anaerobically.
2. Cardiac Muscle
· Has striated branched generally uninucleated fibers
· Occurs in the walls of the heart
· Is involuntary
http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S02079ZwtILoAA6gujzbkF/SIG=127ggc356/EXP=1208793469/**http:/www.brown.edu/Courses/BI0032/adltstem/sm.htm3. Skeletal muscle
· Has striated tubular multinucleated fibers
· Is usually attached to skeleton
· Is voluntary
B. Functions:
Skeletal muscles support the body
Skeletal muscles make bones move
Skeletal muscles help maintain a constant body temperature
Skeletal muscle contraction assists movement in cardiovascular and lymphatic vessels.
Skeletal muscles help protect internal organs and stabilize joints.
C. Names and actions
size
EX: Gluteus Maxim us is the largest muscle
shape
· Trapeziuz is shaped like a trapezoid
· Latissimus is wide
· Terres is round
location
direction of muscle fibers
· rectus means straight
· transverse is across
· oculi is the eye
attachment
12.2 Skeletal Muscle Fiber and Contraction
A. Nerve impulses travel down motor neurons and stimulate muscle fibers
B. sarcolemma- plasma membrane of a muscle fiber that forms T tubules
C. sarcoplasm- cytoplasm of a muscle fiber that contains the organelles, including myofibrious
D. Glycogen- a polysaccharide that stores energy for muscle contractions
E. mygolobin- a red pigment that stores oxygen for muscle contraction
F. T tubule- Extension of the sarcolemma that extends into the muscle fiber and conveys impulses that cause Ca2+
G. Myofibril- a bundle of myofilaments that contracts
H. Myofilaments- actin filaments or myosin filaments, whose structure and functions account for muscle striations and contractions.
12.3 Whole Muscle Contraction
A. Whole muscle contraction is dependent on muscle fiber contraction
B. a nerve fiber together with all of the muscle fibers it innervates in called a motor unit.
C. This obeys the all or none law, because all the muscles have to be stimulated at once
D. Muscle twitch:
1. Latent period
2. Contraction period
3. Relaxation period
1. Energy for muscle contraction
A. Has four possible stages:
1. Muscle glycogen
2. Blood Glucose
3. Plasma fatty acids
4. Muscle triglycerides
B. the CP pathway the simplest and most rapid way for muscle to produce ATP is use to the CP pathway because it only consist of one reaction
C. Fermentation: produces two ATP from the breakdown of glucose to lactate anaerobically.
- http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S020w4aQtIQxkB382jzbkF/SIG=135cvec5a/EXP=1208793784/**http:/www.postershop.co.uk/Anonymous/Anonymous-Cellular-Respiration-9912378.htmlD. Cellular Respiration a molecule that combines with and stores oxygen, cellular respiration
2. fast and slow twitches
A. Fast twitches:
· Are usually anaerobic and seem to be designed for strength because of there motor units contain many fibers.
· Explosions of energy
· Light in color
· Fewer blood vessels
· They fatigue quickly
B. Slow twitches:
· More endurance
· Stronger tug
· Dark in color
· Surrounded by dense capillary systems
· Develop slowly
C. delayed onset muscle
· Appears 24-48 hrs after strenuous exercise
· EX walking, running downhill, push-ups
12.4 Muscular Disorders
A. Muscle disorders are divided into those that are commonly seen and those that are more serious in nature
1. Common Muscular Conditions
A. spasms are sudden and involuntary muscular contractions most accompany with pain.
B. Convolutions are multiple spasms of skeletal muscles
C. Cramps are strong painful spasms especially of the leg and foot
D. Facial tics such as periodic eye blinking head turning or grimacing are spasms that can be controlled voluntary
E. Tendinitis movement of the joint becomes painful
http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S0203laQtI3v8ArJujzbkF/SIG=11qfbnbd6/EXP=1208793957/**http:/www.supplementnews.org/bursitisF. bursitis is an inflammatory response of bursa; people who bend an extremity multiple times a day for hours at a time can have this
2. Muscular disease
Myalgiahttp://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S02000agtItvoAvCejzbkF/SIG=11r1041tt/EXP=1208794036/**http:/path.upmc.edu/cases/case143.html
A. Myalgia
Achy muscles
Over use or overstretching of a muscle or group of muscles
Often due to viral infections
Immune system disorder
http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S0202kagtI4boAs2OjzbkF/SIG=124o4raot/EXP=1208794148/**http:/www.the-back-doctor.com/fibromyalgia.html
B. Fibromyalgia
· Is chronic
· Include achy pain, tenderness, stiffness of muscles
C. Muscular dystrophy
· Group of disorders that are characterized by progressive degeneration and weakening of muscles
· Muscle fibers die and fat and connective tissue takes its place
D. Duchenne muscular dystrophy
· Is inherited through a flawed gene carried by the mother
· Lack of a protein
· Calcium leaks into the cell and activates an enzyme that dissolves muscle fibers
· Treatment: muscles have been injected with immature muscle cells that do produce dystrophin
http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S02000agtItvoAvCejzbkF/SIG=11r1041tt/EXP=1208794036/**http:/path.upmc.edu/cases/case143.html
E. Myasthenia Gravis
· Autoimmune disease characterized by weakness that especially affects the muscles of the eyes, face, neck, and extremities.
· Muscle contraction is impaired because the immune system mistakenly produces antibodies that destroy acetylcholine
· First sign is drooping eyelids and double vision
· Treatment: drugs that inhibit the enzyme that digests acetylcholine so that Ach accumulates in neuromuscular junctions
ALS
A. Myalgia
Achy muscles
Over use or overstretching of a muscle or group of muscles
Often due to viral infections
Immune system disorder
http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S0202kagtI4boAs2OjzbkF/SIG=124o4raot/EXP=1208794148/**http:/www.the-back-doctor.com/fibromyalgia.htmlB. Fibromyalgia
· Is chronic
· Include achy pain, tenderness, stiffness of muscles
C. Muscular dystrophy
· Group of disorders that are characterized by progressive degeneration and weakening of muscles
· Muscle fibers die and fat and connective tissue takes its place
D. Duchenne muscular dystrophy
· Is inherited through a flawed gene carried by the mother
· Lack of a protein
· Calcium leaks into the cell and activates an enzyme that dissolves muscle fibers
· Treatment: muscles have been injected with immature muscle cells that do produce dystrophin
http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S02000agtItvoAvCejzbkF/SIG=11r1041tt/EXP=1208794036/**http:/path.upmc.edu/cases/case143.htmlE. Myasthenia Gravis
· Autoimmune disease characterized by weakness that especially affects the muscles of the eyes, face, neck, and extremities.
· Muscle contraction is impaired because the immune system mistakenly produces antibodies that destroy acetylcholine
· First sign is drooping eyelids and double vision
· Treatment: drugs that inhibit the enzyme that digests acetylcholine so that Ach accumulates in neuromuscular junctions
ALShttp://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S020y5awtIziQBEbmjzbkF/SIG=11t8shl6p/EXP=1208794425/**http:/www.alsalabama.org/about_als.shtml
F. ALS
· Experience gradual loss of the ability to walk chew talk and swallow
· Drugs are out that help slow it but not cure it
12.5 Homeostasis
The muscles and bones produce movement and protect body parts
The bones produce red blood cells and are involved in the regulation of blood calcium levels
The muscles produce the heat that gives us a constant body temperature
F. ALS
· Experience gradual loss of the ability to walk chew talk and swallow
· Drugs are out that help slow it but not cure it
12.5 Homeostasis
The muscles and bones produce movement and protect body parts
The bones produce red blood cells and are involved in the regulation of blood calcium levels
The muscles produce the heat that gives us a constant body temperature
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