13.1 Overview of the Nervous system
Nervous tissue
Neuron structure
Myelin sheath
The nerve impulse
Propagation of an action potential
The synapse
13.2 The central nervous system
The spinal cord
Functions of the spinal cord
The brain
The cerebrum
The cerebellum
The brain stem
Limbic system
13.3 The limbic system and higher mental functions
Limbic system
Higher mental functions
Memory and learning
13.4 The peripheral nervous system
Somatic system
The reflex arc
Autonomic system
The somatic versus the autonomic system
13.5 Drug abuse
Alcohol
Nicotine
Cocaine
Meth
Heroin
Marijuana
14.1 sensory receptors and sensations
Types of sensory receptors
How sensation occurs
14.2 Proprioceptors and cutaneous receptors
Proprioceptors
Cutaneous
Pain receptors
14.3 Senses of taste and smell
Taste
Smell
14.4. Sense of vision
Anatomy and physiology of the eye
Abnormalities of the eye
14.5 sense of hearing
Anatomy and physiology
14.6 sense of equilibrium
Rotational equilibrium pathway
Gravitational equilibrium pathway
Nervous Systemhttp://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S02060kwtIkZ0AG2ujzbkF/SIG=12gkeeuqf/EXP=1208804660/**http:/www.k12.nf.ca/jakeman/GRoots2000/majorcw/nervous.html
13.1 Overview of the Nervous system
A. CNS- consists of the brain and spinal cord (located in the middle of the body)
B. PNS- Consists of nerves
C. The nervous system has 3 main functions:
1. Receives sensory input
2. The CNS performs integration
3. The CNS generates motor output
Nerve Tissuehttp://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S020kTlAtIq38BJuWjzbkF/SIG=136ieii49/EXP=1208804755/**http:/oregonstate.edu/~peila/Pharmstuff/Projector%20Slides/Projector%20Slides
1. Nervous tissue
A. The nervous tissue consists of two types of cells:
1. neurons
· These are cells that transmit nerve impulses between parts of the nervous system.
2. Neuralgia
· Support and nourish neurons
Neuron structure
There are 3 types of neurons:
1. sensory neuron
· Takes the nerve impulses from a sensory receptor to the CNS
2. interneuron’s
· receive impute
· then communicate to the motor neurons
3. motor neurons
· takes nerve impulses away from the CNS to an effecter (effecter carries out the impulse)
3. The nerve impulses
A. Convey information within the nervous system
B. Resting potential
· when the inside the neuron is more negative then the outside
C. Action Potential
· is rapid change in polarity across an axonal membrane as the nerve impulses
Synapsehttp://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S020yFlAtI0U4BQUmjzbkF/SIG=12jl133vu/EXP=1208804869/**http:/www.mindhacks.com/blog/2005/09/synapse_wins_science.html
4. the synapse
A. when a neurotransmitter is released into a synaptic cleft, transmission of a nerve impulse occurs
B. Binding of the neurotransmitter to receptors in the receiving membrane causes excitation or inhibition
C. integration is the summing of excitatory and inhibitory signals
13.2 The Central Nervous system
A. The spinal cord and brain make up the CNS where sensory info is received and motor control is initiated.
B. the CNS is made up of two types of nervous tissue:
1. Gray Matter- contains cell bodies and short nonmyelinated fibers
2. White Matter- contains myelinated axons that run together in bundles
1. The Spinal Cord
A. Extends from the base of the brain through a large opening in the skull.
B. Contains white and gray matter
C. Functions of the spinal cord:
· means of communication between the brain and peripheral nerves
A. Extends from the base of the brain through a large opening in the skull.
B. Contains white and gray matter
C. Functions of the spinal cord:
· means of communication between the brain and peripheral nerves
http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S020xzlQtIyUgBna6jzbkF/SIG=12upv47ng/EXP=1208805107/**http:/www.cs.stedwards.edu/chem/Chemistry/CHEM43/CHEM43/enkaphalins?D=AThe Brain
The last great frontier
The brain has four ventricles
· Cerebrum
· Cerebellum
· Brainstem
· Diencephalons
The Cerebrum
The largest portion of the brain
The last center to receive sensory input
Sensation, reasoning, learning, and memory, language, memory, speech
Cerebral cortex covers the cerebrum
The cerebral cortex has four lobes:
· Frontal
· Parietal
· Occipital
· Temporal
4. Diencephalons
· Hypothalamus controls homeostasis the thalamus sends sensory input to the cerebrum
5. Cerebellum
· Coordinates skeletal muscle contractions
http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S0201dlwtIXi4BBbyjzbkF/SIG=12ci3d9k9/EXP=1208805597/**http:/www.becomehealthynow.com/popups/brain_stem_bh.htm6. The brain stem
· Medulla oblongata and the pons have centers for breathing and the heartbeat
Limbic Systemhttp://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S020sylwtIQicAtd2jzbkF/SIG=12985flf1/EXP=1208805554/**http:/www.abieducation.com/binder/English/chap1.html
13.3 The limbic system and higher mental functions
A. Involved with our emotions
1. Limbic system
A. accounts for sexual behavior and eating and why they seem pleasurable
B. The significant structures are:
· Amygdala- creates the sensation (Fear)
· Hippocampus- is believed to playa crucial role in learning and memory.
3. Memory and learning
A. Memory is the ability to hold a thought in mind or to recall events from the past
B. Learning takes place when we retain and utilize past memories
C. Types of memory:
· Short term memory- lies in the dorsal in our forehead-
· long term memory when you can remember things for a long period of time
· semantic memory- is numbers words ect
· episodic memory- is people and events ect
· Skill memory- consists of riding bikes and ice hockey it is actions..
13.4 The peripheral nervous system
A. contains only nerves and ganglia
B. Cranial nerves take impulses to and from the brain
C. spinal nerves take impulses to and from the spinal cord
D. the PNS is divided into the somatic system and the autonomic
1. Somatic system
A. Serves the skin, skeletal muscles, and tendons.
B. nerves that sensory information from external sensory receptors to the CNS and motor commands
C. automatic responses to a stimulate in the somatic system are called refluxes
2. Autonomic system
A. this is also in the PNS
B. their functions are different
1. They function automatically and usually in an involuntary manner
2. they innervate all internal organs
3. they utilize two neurons and one ganglion for each impulse
D. Sympathetic division are responses that occur during times of stress
E. Parasympathetic division are responses that happen occur during times of relaxation
F. Action in these divisions are involuntary and automatic
G. These divisions innervate internal organs
H. Two neurons and one ganglion are utilized for each impulse
13.5 Drug Abuse
A. Drug abuse is apparent when a person takes a drug at a dose level and under circumstances that increase the potential for a harmful effect
B. Different drugs that are commonly used for abuse:
1. Alcohol
http://www.tqnyc.org/NYC063517/G.htm 
http://www.tqnyc.org/NYC063517/G.htm2. nicotine
Cocaine abuse http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S0202PmAtIcDEBCfWjzbkF/SIG=11plj84r1/EXP=1208805903/**http:/deep6inc.com/previewcoc22.html3. cocaine
Meth- http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S0202PmAtIcDEBCfWjzbkF/SIG=11plj84r1/EXP=1208805903/**http:/deep6inc.com/previewcoc22.html4. methamphetamine
After Heroin
Pothttp://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S0202PmAtIcDEBCfWjzbkF/SIG=11plj84r1/EXP=1208805903/**http:/deep6inc.com/previewcoc22.html
6. marijuana
14.1 Sensory receptors and sensations
A. sensory receptors are dendrites specialized to detect certain types of stimuli
B. Exterocepetors are sensory receptors that detect stimuli from the outside from outside the body.
· Such as: taste, smell, vision, hearing, equilibrium
C. Interceptors receive stimuli from inside the body.
1. Types of sensory receptors
A. Classified into four categories:
1. Chemo- receptors
· Respond to chemical substances in the immediate vicinity
· Indicates taste smell which detect external stimuli
2. Photoreceptors
· Responds to light energy
· Provide the since of vision
3. mechanoreceptors
· stimulated by mechanical force
4. thermorecptors
· located in the skin and the hypothalamus
· stimulated by temperature changes
B. how sensation occurs
· respond to environment stimuli
14.2 Proprioceptors and cutaneous receptors
A. sensory receptors in the muscles, joints and tendons
1. Proprioceptors
A. are mechanoreceptors involved in reflux actions that maintain muscle tone, and thereby the body’s equilibrium and posture
B. helps us know the position of our limbs in space by detecting the degree of muscle relaxation, the stretch of tendons and the movement of the ligaments.
2. Cutaneous Receptors
A. are found in the skin
B. is for touch, pressure, temperature, and pain
Nosehttp://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S0201TmwtIsCkB3ZyjzbkF/SIG=12cfsn1h2/EXP=1208806611/**http:/www.stjohns.com/greystone/pediatric/ent/apnt.aspx
14.3 Senses of taste and smell
A. Taste and smell are called chemical senses because their receptors are sensitive to molecules in the food we eat and the air we breathe.
Tonguehttp://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S0200BmwtI.zQByzWjzbkF/SIG=1223fkj4l/EXP=1208806529/**http:/www.pitt.edu/~anat/Head/Mouth/Mouth.htm
B. Taste buds
· 3,000 taste buds
· There are 4 main types of taste buds
1. Sweet
2. sour
3. salty
4. bitter
3. Sense of smell
· 80-90% of what is sense of taste comes from the smell senses
· the cilia of olfactory cells have receptor proteins for molecules that causes the brain to distinguish odors
Eyehttp://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S020qwmgtIfv0ADkWjzbkF/SIG=1280iet2f/EXP=1208806448/**http:/www.rennard.org/alife/english/biomintrgb.html
14.4 sense of vision
A. Vision depends on the eye, the optic nerve and the visual areas of the cerebral cortex.
B. The eye has three layers
1. sclera
· protects and supports the eye
2. choroids
· absorbs stray light rays
3. retina
· contains the rod cells and cone cells
1. Abnormalities of the eye
1. Color Blindness
2. Inability to see red and green are the most uncommon
3. Nearsighted people can see close objects better than see distance
4. Astigmatism can be corrected by an unevenly grounds lens to compensate for the uneven cornea
Ear
14.4 sense of vision
A. Vision depends on the eye, the optic nerve and the visual areas of the cerebral cortex.
B. The eye has three layers
1. sclera
· protects and supports the eye
2. choroids
· absorbs stray light rays
3. retina
· contains the rod cells and cone cells
1. Abnormalities of the eye
1. Color Blindness
2. Inability to see red and green are the most uncommon
3. Nearsighted people can see close objects better than see distance
4. Astigmatism can be corrected by an unevenly grounds lens to compensate for the uneven cornea
Earhttp://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S020k1mwtIyAIAOtajzbkF/SIG=11omb4ija/EXP=1208806581/**http:/www.health-bytes.com/ears.htm
14.5 sense of hearing
A. Two sensory functions:
1. hearing
2. balance
B. The inner ear has hair cells with sterocilia that are sensitive to mechanical stimulation
C. The ear has three divisions:
1. outer
2. middle
3. inner
5. The outer ear consists of the pinna and the auditory canal.
6. The middle ear consists of the tympanic membrane
7. The inner ear consists of three areas
A. Semicircular canals
B. Vestibule
C. Cochlea
14.6 Sense of the equilibrium
A. contains mechanorecptors for equilibrium
1. Rotational equilibrium pathway
· Hair cells in the semicircular canals detect rotational and or angular movement of the head
2. Gravitational equilibrium pathway
· Hair cells in the utricle and saccule detect head movement in the vertical or horizontal planes
14.5 sense of hearing
A. Two sensory functions:
1. hearing
2. balance
B. The inner ear has hair cells with sterocilia that are sensitive to mechanical stimulation
C. The ear has three divisions:
1. outer
2. middle
3. inner
5. The outer ear consists of the pinna and the auditory canal.
6. The middle ear consists of the tympanic membrane
7. The inner ear consists of three areas
A. Semicircular canals
B. Vestibule
C. Cochlea
14.6 Sense of the equilibrium
A. contains mechanorecptors for equilibrium
1. Rotational equilibrium pathway
· Hair cells in the semicircular canals detect rotational and or angular movement of the head
2. Gravitational equilibrium pathway
· Hair cells in the utricle and saccule detect head movement in the vertical or horizontal planes
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