Obesity
In our nation this is becoming a huge issue. We are eating out more often and drinking it up. This is causing health problems that are leading people to diabetes, blood clots, and even death. As a society we promote eating and drinking with little or no physical activity.
How this can be changed!
If we begin to look at different countries we can adopt there attitude of healthy life’s. Other countries tend to walk to there know destination or even ride bikes. This cutting down the pollution as well! We can begin to be a little more conscious of our eating habits. For example in England you don’t see many cars, everyone is walking!! Also with this trend you don’t see any over weight people. As you leave the main areas you start to see people becoming gradually overweight.
In schools, maybe this is a good start?!?
In our elementary school we have physical activities everyday and most like multiple times a day. As begin to grow a little older the physical activity is once a week to maybe not ever! If we made it mandatory that every student is active everyday then this would being to teach them good habits for later in life!
The future holds…..
I don’t believe that anything will ever change. The reason being is that our country is very money hungry and never stops working, and we are eating out more and more frequently! Fast is always better for some reason. But will it be the death of us. Time will only tell.
Wednesday, April 23, 2008
Unit 3 Lab
The materials used during the process
This is the hand and forearm
This shows the muscle on the bicep
This is when the muscle is relaxed!
This is when the muscle is flexed!
This showing how the arm moves at the joint
Another photo showing the joint moving!This lab was relatively easy and it was a learning experience. however, i dont feel like i had fun during this one! Maybe its because i have other issues going on with other classes and such..
For this i used:
Yarn
Pipe cleaners
two wooden stakes
a hinge
a glove
play dough
and a cotten ball
Monday, April 21, 2008
Lab: Muscles
ANALYSIS OF DATA:
1. What are the three changes you observed in a muscle while it is working (contracted)?
- Noticed a few things:
1. The circumference is larger then when it is relaxed.
2. The more it is used the faster it become fatigued
3. The more you used the muscle it began to hurt after a little while!
2. What effect did the cold temperature have on the action of your hand muscles? Explain.
-The cold had a great deal of effect on the hand muscles. It made the muscles tighter and achier when you tried to flex. It was almost like they didn’t want to work any longer!
But after the try the hand became numb and I was able to flex it a little faster.
3. In Figure 3, make a line graph of your results of the fatigue experiment. Be sure to fill in the values on the vertical axis.
4.What effect did fatigue have on the action of your hand muscles? Explain.
- It began to hurt and achy after each attempt it also slowed down dramatically but after then hand became numb it started to pick up speed again! But after my hand started to “thaw” then I could feel the pain again!
1. What are the three changes you observed in a muscle while it is working (contracted)?
- Noticed a few things:
1. The circumference is larger then when it is relaxed.
2. The more it is used the faster it become fatigued
3. The more you used the muscle it began to hurt after a little while!
2. What effect did the cold temperature have on the action of your hand muscles? Explain.
-The cold had a great deal of effect on the hand muscles. It made the muscles tighter and achier when you tried to flex. It was almost like they didn’t want to work any longer!
But after the try the hand became numb and I was able to flex it a little faster.
3. In Figure 3, make a line graph of your results of the fatigue experiment. Be sure to fill in the values on the vertical axis.
4.What effect did fatigue have on the action of your hand muscles? Explain.
- It began to hurt and achy after each attempt it also slowed down dramatically but after then hand became numb it started to pick up speed again! But after my hand started to “thaw” then I could feel the pain again!
Sunday, April 20, 2008
Leech
1.What is the electrode measuring?
The electrode is measuring the activity and the dye is showing the nerve impulse.
2. Why use leeches in neurophysiology experiments?
2. Why use leeches in neurophysiology experiments?
They are used because they have all the cells. The neurons are large in size and pretty easy to detect. This makes them ideal to perform this experiment on.
3. What is the difference between a sensory and a motor neuron?
3. What is the difference between a sensory and a motor neuron?
The difference between sensory and motor neurons is that sensory feels, smells, taste, and hears things and sends that message (they also receive the message). A motor neuron is the ability to move or twitch. (they deliver the action message)
4. Do you think a leech experiences pain? What is pain?
I think that every living thing experiences pain to an extent. Although it may be lacking the same pain receptors that we have it may not feel any pain. I would have to say yes though.
5. What were the two most interesting things about doing this lab?
This whole lab was fascinating to me because it was so different. I love to
Take apart anything and learn how it functions and in this case the neurons!!
Take apart anything and learn how it functions and in this case the neurons!!
6. Anything you found confusing or didn't like about the lab?
No there wasn’t anything that I found confusing about this lab. It was very straight forward and had very detailed instructions.
No there wasn’t anything that I found confusing about this lab. It was very straight forward and had very detailed instructions.
Evaluation!
Which Unit did you like best and why?
Well, so far I have enjoyed unit 3 the most because I find it fascinating. I love the human body and its mystery’s are wondrous! But I have a good idea that unit 4 will be my all time favorite and I have been looking forward to it since day one. This is what my field of study is going to be; babies!
Which Unit did you like least and why?
I would have to say Unit 1 because it was a little boring and it seemed to repeat itself frequently.
Is there some major area of Human Biology that you feel was neglected and should be included in the course?
No I don’t feel there was anything that was neglected.
MAJOR TOPICS
-Cells
-Genetics
-Oxygen/Blood/Immunity
-Food and Nutrition
-Nervous Function
-Movement
-Reproduction
-Human Ecology
Which two Major Topics stand out as particularly well presented? Why?
Food and nutrition, and reproduction. These stood out the most because there were easy to follow and were interesting.
Which two Major Topics stand out as having been confusing or difficult to understand? Why?
I would have to say cells and genetics and this is because there is a lot to each of them and there is a lot of information. They were just hard to keeps straight!
Other comments regarding course content:
REGARDING COURSE DELIVERY AND INTERACTION WITH WEBSITE AND INSTRUCTOR
Have you taken an online course before?
No I have not but at this current time I am taking 4 of them!
How would you describe your "digital nativeness" or ease of using the computer and internet?
I found that this was one of the easiest classes to take online. Everything was planned out and had very precise directions. Short sweet and to the point!
For the following aspects of the course, please how effective each one was for you (very, somewhat, not much):
-Overall Course Welcome and Orientation Video: Very
-Unit Introduction Videos: Very
-PowerPoint presentations (please indicate if you listened to the narrations):Very
-Online Weblinks: Very
-Online Labs: Very
-Lab Projects: Very
-Ethical Issues: Somewhat
-Textbook: somewhat
-Blogs for presenting assignments: Very
-E-mail or other interactions with instructor: Very
Which two aspects of the course delivery and evaluation from the above list most helped you to learn? Why?
I would have to say the instructor and the power point presentations. The instructor was very helpful and very patient. I was very impressed! The power point presentations were clear, detailed, and answered any questions that I had!
Which two aspects of the course delivery (course activities and assignments) would you recommend changing or eliminating? Why?
None really I was overall impressed!!
Compendium 13-14
Topics:
13.1 Overview of the Nervous system
Nervous tissue
Neuron structure
Myelin sheath
The nerve impulse
Propagation of an action potential
The synapse
13.2 The central nervous system
The spinal cord
Functions of the spinal cord
The brain
The cerebrum
The cerebellum
The brain stem
Limbic system
13.3 The limbic system and higher mental functions
Limbic system
Higher mental functions
Memory and learning
13.4 The peripheral nervous system
Somatic system
The reflex arc
Autonomic system
The somatic versus the autonomic system
13.5 Drug abuse
Alcohol
Nicotine
Cocaine
Meth
Heroin
Marijuana
14.1 sensory receptors and sensations
Types of sensory receptors
How sensation occurs
14.2 Proprioceptors and cutaneous receptors
Proprioceptors
Cutaneous
Pain receptors
14.3 Senses of taste and smell
Taste
Smell
14.4. Sense of vision
Anatomy and physiology of the eye
Abnormalities of the eye
14.5 sense of hearing
Anatomy and physiology
14.6 sense of equilibrium
Rotational equilibrium pathway
Gravitational equilibrium pathway
Nervous System
http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S02060kwtIkZ0AG2ujzbkF/SIG=12gkeeuqf/EXP=1208804660/**http:/www.k12.nf.ca/jakeman/GRoots2000/majorcw/nervous.html
13.1 Overview of the Nervous system
A. CNS- consists of the brain and spinal cord (located in the middle of the body)
B. PNS- Consists of nerves
C. The nervous system has 3 main functions:
1. Receives sensory input
2. The CNS performs integration
3. The CNS generates motor output
Nerve Tissue
http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S020kTlAtIq38BJuWjzbkF/SIG=136ieii49/EXP=1208804755/**http:/oregonstate.edu/~peila/Pharmstuff/Projector%20Slides/Projector%20Slides
1. Nervous tissue
A. The nervous tissue consists of two types of cells:
1. neurons
· These are cells that transmit nerve impulses between parts of the nervous system.
2. Neuralgia
· Support and nourish neurons
Neuron structure
There are 3 types of neurons:
1. sensory neuron
· Takes the nerve impulses from a sensory receptor to the CNS
2. interneuron’s
· receive impute
· then communicate to the motor neurons
3. motor neurons
· takes nerve impulses away from the CNS to an effecter (effecter carries out the impulse)
3. The nerve impulses
A. Convey information within the nervous system
B. Resting potential
· when the inside the neuron is more negative then the outside
C. Action Potential
· is rapid change in polarity across an axonal membrane as the nerve impulses
Synapse
http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S020yFlAtI0U4BQUmjzbkF/SIG=12jl133vu/EXP=1208804869/**http:/www.mindhacks.com/blog/2005/09/synapse_wins_science.html
4. the synapse
A. when a neurotransmitter is released into a synaptic cleft, transmission of a nerve impulse occurs
B. Binding of the neurotransmitter to receptors in the receiving membrane causes excitation or inhibition
C. integration is the summing of excitatory and inhibitory signals
13.2 The Central Nervous system
A. The spinal cord and brain make up the CNS where sensory info is received and motor control is initiated.
B. the CNS is made up of two types of nervous tissue:
1. Gray Matter- contains cell bodies and short nonmyelinated fibers
2. White Matter- contains myelinated axons that run together in bundles
http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S020xzlQtIyUgBna6jzbkF/SIG=12upv47ng/EXP=1208805107/**http:/www.cs.stedwards.edu/chem/Chemistry/CHEM43/CHEM43/enkaphalins?D=A
The Brain
The last great frontier
The brain has four ventricles
· Cerebrum
· Cerebellum
· Brainstem
· Diencephalons
The Cerebrum
The largest portion of the brain
The last center to receive sensory input
Sensation, reasoning, learning, and memory, language, memory, speech
Cerebral cortex covers the cerebrum
The cerebral cortex has four lobes:
· Frontal
· Parietal
· Occipital
· Temporal
4. Diencephalons
· Hypothalamus controls homeostasis the thalamus sends sensory input to the cerebrum
5. Cerebellum
· Coordinates skeletal muscle contractions
http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S0201dlwtIXi4BBbyjzbkF/SIG=12ci3d9k9/EXP=1208805597/**http:/www.becomehealthynow.com/popups/brain_stem_bh.htm
6. The brain stem
· Medulla oblongata and the pons have centers for breathing and the heartbeat
Limbic System
http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S020sylwtIQicAtd2jzbkF/SIG=12985flf1/EXP=1208805554/**http:/www.abieducation.com/binder/English/chap1.html
13.3 The limbic system and higher mental functions
A. Involved with our emotions
1. Limbic system
A. accounts for sexual behavior and eating and why they seem pleasurable
B. The significant structures are:
· Amygdala- creates the sensation (Fear)
· Hippocampus- is believed to playa crucial role in learning and memory.
3. Memory and learning
A. Memory is the ability to hold a thought in mind or to recall events from the past
B. Learning takes place when we retain and utilize past memories
C. Types of memory:
· Short term memory- lies in the dorsal in our forehead-
· long term memory when you can remember things for a long period of time
· semantic memory- is numbers words ect
· episodic memory- is people and events ect
· Skill memory- consists of riding bikes and ice hockey it is actions..
13.4 The peripheral nervous system
A. contains only nerves and ganglia
B. Cranial nerves take impulses to and from the brain
C. spinal nerves take impulses to and from the spinal cord
D. the PNS is divided into the somatic system and the autonomic
1. Somatic system
A. Serves the skin, skeletal muscles, and tendons.
B. nerves that sensory information from external sensory receptors to the CNS and motor commands
C. automatic responses to a stimulate in the somatic system are called refluxes
2. Autonomic system
A. this is also in the PNS
B. their functions are different
1. They function automatically and usually in an involuntary manner
2. they innervate all internal organs
3. they utilize two neurons and one ganglion for each impulse
D. Sympathetic division are responses that occur during times of stress
E. Parasympathetic division are responses that happen occur during times of relaxation
F. Action in these divisions are involuntary and automatic
G. These divisions innervate internal organs
H. Two neurons and one ganglion are utilized for each impulse
13.5 Drug Abuse
A. Drug abuse is apparent when a person takes a drug at a dose level and under circumstances that increase the potential for a harmful effect
B. Different drugs that are commonly used for abuse:
1. Alcohol
http://www.tqnyc.org/NYC063517/G.htm 
http://www.tqnyc.org/NYC063517/G.htm
2. nicotine
Cocaine abuse http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S0202PmAtIcDEBCfWjzbkF/SIG=11plj84r1/EXP=1208805903/**http:/deep6inc.com/previewcoc22.html
3. cocaine
Meth- http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S0202PmAtIcDEBCfWjzbkF/SIG=11plj84r1/EXP=1208805903/**http:/deep6inc.com/previewcoc22.html
4. methamphetamine
After Heroin
Pot
http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S0202PmAtIcDEBCfWjzbkF/SIG=11plj84r1/EXP=1208805903/**http:/deep6inc.com/previewcoc22.html
6. marijuana
14.1 Sensory receptors and sensations
A. sensory receptors are dendrites specialized to detect certain types of stimuli
B. Exterocepetors are sensory receptors that detect stimuli from the outside from outside the body.
· Such as: taste, smell, vision, hearing, equilibrium
C. Interceptors receive stimuli from inside the body.
1. Types of sensory receptors
A. Classified into four categories:
1. Chemo- receptors
· Respond to chemical substances in the immediate vicinity
· Indicates taste smell which detect external stimuli
2. Photoreceptors
· Responds to light energy
· Provide the since of vision
3. mechanoreceptors
· stimulated by mechanical force
4. thermorecptors
· located in the skin and the hypothalamus
· stimulated by temperature changes
B. how sensation occurs
· respond to environment stimuli
14.2 Proprioceptors and cutaneous receptors
A. sensory receptors in the muscles, joints and tendons
1. Proprioceptors
A. are mechanoreceptors involved in reflux actions that maintain muscle tone, and thereby the body’s equilibrium and posture
B. helps us know the position of our limbs in space by detecting the degree of muscle relaxation, the stretch of tendons and the movement of the ligaments.
2. Cutaneous Receptors
A. are found in the skin
B. is for touch, pressure, temperature, and pain
Nose
http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S0201TmwtIsCkB3ZyjzbkF/SIG=12cfsn1h2/EXP=1208806611/**http:/www.stjohns.com/greystone/pediatric/ent/apnt.aspx
14.3 Senses of taste and smell
A. Taste and smell are called chemical senses because their receptors are sensitive to molecules in the food we eat and the air we breathe.
Tongue
http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S0200BmwtI.zQByzWjzbkF/SIG=1223fkj4l/EXP=1208806529/**http:/www.pitt.edu/~anat/Head/Mouth/Mouth.htm
B. Taste buds
· 3,000 taste buds
· There are 4 main types of taste buds
1. Sweet
2. sour
3. salty
4. bitter
3. Sense of smell
· 80-90% of what is sense of taste comes from the smell senses
· the cilia of olfactory cells have receptor proteins for molecules that causes the brain to distinguish odors
Eye
13.1 Overview of the Nervous system
Nervous tissue
Neuron structure
Myelin sheath
The nerve impulse
Propagation of an action potential
The synapse
13.2 The central nervous system
The spinal cord
Functions of the spinal cord
The brain
The cerebrum
The cerebellum
The brain stem
Limbic system
13.3 The limbic system and higher mental functions
Limbic system
Higher mental functions
Memory and learning
13.4 The peripheral nervous system
Somatic system
The reflex arc
Autonomic system
The somatic versus the autonomic system
13.5 Drug abuse
Alcohol
Nicotine
Cocaine
Meth
Heroin
Marijuana
14.1 sensory receptors and sensations
Types of sensory receptors
How sensation occurs
14.2 Proprioceptors and cutaneous receptors
Proprioceptors
Cutaneous
Pain receptors
14.3 Senses of taste and smell
Taste
Smell
14.4. Sense of vision
Anatomy and physiology of the eye
Abnormalities of the eye
14.5 sense of hearing
Anatomy and physiology
14.6 sense of equilibrium
Rotational equilibrium pathway
Gravitational equilibrium pathway
Nervous Systemhttp://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S02060kwtIkZ0AG2ujzbkF/SIG=12gkeeuqf/EXP=1208804660/**http:/www.k12.nf.ca/jakeman/GRoots2000/majorcw/nervous.html
13.1 Overview of the Nervous system
A. CNS- consists of the brain and spinal cord (located in the middle of the body)
B. PNS- Consists of nerves
C. The nervous system has 3 main functions:
1. Receives sensory input
2. The CNS performs integration
3. The CNS generates motor output
Nerve Tissuehttp://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S020kTlAtIq38BJuWjzbkF/SIG=136ieii49/EXP=1208804755/**http:/oregonstate.edu/~peila/Pharmstuff/Projector%20Slides/Projector%20Slides
1. Nervous tissue
A. The nervous tissue consists of two types of cells:
1. neurons
· These are cells that transmit nerve impulses between parts of the nervous system.
2. Neuralgia
· Support and nourish neurons
Neuron structure
There are 3 types of neurons:
1. sensory neuron
· Takes the nerve impulses from a sensory receptor to the CNS
2. interneuron’s
· receive impute
· then communicate to the motor neurons
3. motor neurons
· takes nerve impulses away from the CNS to an effecter (effecter carries out the impulse)
3. The nerve impulses
A. Convey information within the nervous system
B. Resting potential
· when the inside the neuron is more negative then the outside
C. Action Potential
· is rapid change in polarity across an axonal membrane as the nerve impulses
Synapsehttp://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S020yFlAtI0U4BQUmjzbkF/SIG=12jl133vu/EXP=1208804869/**http:/www.mindhacks.com/blog/2005/09/synapse_wins_science.html
4. the synapse
A. when a neurotransmitter is released into a synaptic cleft, transmission of a nerve impulse occurs
B. Binding of the neurotransmitter to receptors in the receiving membrane causes excitation or inhibition
C. integration is the summing of excitatory and inhibitory signals
13.2 The Central Nervous system
A. The spinal cord and brain make up the CNS where sensory info is received and motor control is initiated.
B. the CNS is made up of two types of nervous tissue:
1. Gray Matter- contains cell bodies and short nonmyelinated fibers
2. White Matter- contains myelinated axons that run together in bundles
1. The Spinal Cord
A. Extends from the base of the brain through a large opening in the skull.
B. Contains white and gray matter
C. Functions of the spinal cord:
· means of communication between the brain and peripheral nerves
A. Extends from the base of the brain through a large opening in the skull.
B. Contains white and gray matter
C. Functions of the spinal cord:
· means of communication between the brain and peripheral nerves
http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S020xzlQtIyUgBna6jzbkF/SIG=12upv47ng/EXP=1208805107/**http:/www.cs.stedwards.edu/chem/Chemistry/CHEM43/CHEM43/enkaphalins?D=AThe Brain
The last great frontier
The brain has four ventricles
· Cerebrum
· Cerebellum
· Brainstem
· Diencephalons
The Cerebrum
The largest portion of the brain
The last center to receive sensory input
Sensation, reasoning, learning, and memory, language, memory, speech
Cerebral cortex covers the cerebrum
The cerebral cortex has four lobes:
· Frontal
· Parietal
· Occipital
· Temporal
4. Diencephalons
· Hypothalamus controls homeostasis the thalamus sends sensory input to the cerebrum
5. Cerebellum
· Coordinates skeletal muscle contractions
http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S0201dlwtIXi4BBbyjzbkF/SIG=12ci3d9k9/EXP=1208805597/**http:/www.becomehealthynow.com/popups/brain_stem_bh.htm6. The brain stem
· Medulla oblongata and the pons have centers for breathing and the heartbeat
Limbic Systemhttp://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S020sylwtIQicAtd2jzbkF/SIG=12985flf1/EXP=1208805554/**http:/www.abieducation.com/binder/English/chap1.html
13.3 The limbic system and higher mental functions
A. Involved with our emotions
1. Limbic system
A. accounts for sexual behavior and eating and why they seem pleasurable
B. The significant structures are:
· Amygdala- creates the sensation (Fear)
· Hippocampus- is believed to playa crucial role in learning and memory.
3. Memory and learning
A. Memory is the ability to hold a thought in mind or to recall events from the past
B. Learning takes place when we retain and utilize past memories
C. Types of memory:
· Short term memory- lies in the dorsal in our forehead-
· long term memory when you can remember things for a long period of time
· semantic memory- is numbers words ect
· episodic memory- is people and events ect
· Skill memory- consists of riding bikes and ice hockey it is actions..
13.4 The peripheral nervous system
A. contains only nerves and ganglia
B. Cranial nerves take impulses to and from the brain
C. spinal nerves take impulses to and from the spinal cord
D. the PNS is divided into the somatic system and the autonomic
1. Somatic system
A. Serves the skin, skeletal muscles, and tendons.
B. nerves that sensory information from external sensory receptors to the CNS and motor commands
C. automatic responses to a stimulate in the somatic system are called refluxes
2. Autonomic system
A. this is also in the PNS
B. their functions are different
1. They function automatically and usually in an involuntary manner
2. they innervate all internal organs
3. they utilize two neurons and one ganglion for each impulse
D. Sympathetic division are responses that occur during times of stress
E. Parasympathetic division are responses that happen occur during times of relaxation
F. Action in these divisions are involuntary and automatic
G. These divisions innervate internal organs
H. Two neurons and one ganglion are utilized for each impulse
13.5 Drug Abuse
A. Drug abuse is apparent when a person takes a drug at a dose level and under circumstances that increase the potential for a harmful effect
B. Different drugs that are commonly used for abuse:
1. Alcohol
http://www.tqnyc.org/NYC063517/G.htm http://www.tqnyc.org/NYC063517/G.htm2. nicotine
Cocaine abuse http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S0202PmAtIcDEBCfWjzbkF/SIG=11plj84r1/EXP=1208805903/**http:/deep6inc.com/previewcoc22.html3. cocaine
Meth- http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S0202PmAtIcDEBCfWjzbkF/SIG=11plj84r1/EXP=1208805903/**http:/deep6inc.com/previewcoc22.html4. methamphetamine
After HeroinPothttp://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S0202PmAtIcDEBCfWjzbkF/SIG=11plj84r1/EXP=1208805903/**http:/deep6inc.com/previewcoc22.html
6. marijuana
14.1 Sensory receptors and sensations
A. sensory receptors are dendrites specialized to detect certain types of stimuli
B. Exterocepetors are sensory receptors that detect stimuli from the outside from outside the body.
· Such as: taste, smell, vision, hearing, equilibrium
C. Interceptors receive stimuli from inside the body.
1. Types of sensory receptors
A. Classified into four categories:
1. Chemo- receptors
· Respond to chemical substances in the immediate vicinity
· Indicates taste smell which detect external stimuli
2. Photoreceptors
· Responds to light energy
· Provide the since of vision
3. mechanoreceptors
· stimulated by mechanical force
4. thermorecptors
· located in the skin and the hypothalamus
· stimulated by temperature changes
B. how sensation occurs
· respond to environment stimuli
14.2 Proprioceptors and cutaneous receptors
A. sensory receptors in the muscles, joints and tendons
1. Proprioceptors
A. are mechanoreceptors involved in reflux actions that maintain muscle tone, and thereby the body’s equilibrium and posture
B. helps us know the position of our limbs in space by detecting the degree of muscle relaxation, the stretch of tendons and the movement of the ligaments.
2. Cutaneous Receptors
A. are found in the skin
B. is for touch, pressure, temperature, and pain
Nosehttp://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S0201TmwtIsCkB3ZyjzbkF/SIG=12cfsn1h2/EXP=1208806611/**http:/www.stjohns.com/greystone/pediatric/ent/apnt.aspx
14.3 Senses of taste and smell
A. Taste and smell are called chemical senses because their receptors are sensitive to molecules in the food we eat and the air we breathe.
Tonguehttp://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S0200BmwtI.zQByzWjzbkF/SIG=1223fkj4l/EXP=1208806529/**http:/www.pitt.edu/~anat/Head/Mouth/Mouth.htm
B. Taste buds
· 3,000 taste buds
· There are 4 main types of taste buds
1. Sweet
2. sour
3. salty
4. bitter
3. Sense of smell
· 80-90% of what is sense of taste comes from the smell senses
· the cilia of olfactory cells have receptor proteins for molecules that causes the brain to distinguish odors
Eyehttp://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S020qwmgtIfv0ADkWjzbkF/SIG=1280iet2f/EXP=1208806448/**http:/www.rennard.org/alife/english/biomintrgb.html
14.4 sense of vision
A. Vision depends on the eye, the optic nerve and the visual areas of the cerebral cortex.
B. The eye has three layers
1. sclera
· protects and supports the eye
2. choroids
· absorbs stray light rays
3. retina
· contains the rod cells and cone cells
1. Abnormalities of the eye
1. Color Blindness
2. Inability to see red and green are the most uncommon
3. Nearsighted people can see close objects better than see distance
4. Astigmatism can be corrected by an unevenly grounds lens to compensate for the uneven cornea
Ear
14.4 sense of vision
A. Vision depends on the eye, the optic nerve and the visual areas of the cerebral cortex.
B. The eye has three layers
1. sclera
· protects and supports the eye
2. choroids
· absorbs stray light rays
3. retina
· contains the rod cells and cone cells
1. Abnormalities of the eye
1. Color Blindness
2. Inability to see red and green are the most uncommon
3. Nearsighted people can see close objects better than see distance
4. Astigmatism can be corrected by an unevenly grounds lens to compensate for the uneven cornea
Earhttp://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S020k1mwtIyAIAOtajzbkF/SIG=11omb4ija/EXP=1208806581/**http:/www.health-bytes.com/ears.htm
14.5 sense of hearing
A. Two sensory functions:
1. hearing
2. balance
B. The inner ear has hair cells with sterocilia that are sensitive to mechanical stimulation
C. The ear has three divisions:
1. outer
2. middle
3. inner
5. The outer ear consists of the pinna and the auditory canal.
6. The middle ear consists of the tympanic membrane
7. The inner ear consists of three areas
A. Semicircular canals
B. Vestibule
C. Cochlea
14.6 Sense of the equilibrium
A. contains mechanorecptors for equilibrium
1. Rotational equilibrium pathway
· Hair cells in the semicircular canals detect rotational and or angular movement of the head
2. Gravitational equilibrium pathway
· Hair cells in the utricle and saccule detect head movement in the vertical or horizontal planes
14.5 sense of hearing
A. Two sensory functions:
1. hearing
2. balance
B. The inner ear has hair cells with sterocilia that are sensitive to mechanical stimulation
C. The ear has three divisions:
1. outer
2. middle
3. inner
5. The outer ear consists of the pinna and the auditory canal.
6. The middle ear consists of the tympanic membrane
7. The inner ear consists of three areas
A. Semicircular canals
B. Vestibule
C. Cochlea
14.6 Sense of the equilibrium
A. contains mechanorecptors for equilibrium
1. Rotational equilibrium pathway
· Hair cells in the semicircular canals detect rotational and or angular movement of the head
2. Gravitational equilibrium pathway
· Hair cells in the utricle and saccule detect head movement in the vertical or horizontal planes
Compendium 11-12
Topics:
11.1 Skeletal System
· Functions
· Anatomy
11.2 Bone Growth, Remodeling, and Repair
· Development and growth
· Remodeling and its role in homeostasis
· Bone repair
11.3 Bones of the Axial Skeleton
· The skull
· The ribs
11.4 Bones of the Appendicular Skeleton
· The pectoral girdle and upper limb
· The pelvic girdle and lower limb
11.5 Articulations
· Movements permitted by synovial joints
12.1 Muscular System
· Types
· Functions
· Muscles of the body
· Names and actions
12.2 Skeletal Muscle Fiber Contraction
· Muscle Fibers and how they slide
· Control muscle fiber contraction
12.3 Whole muscle contraction
· Have motor units
· Energy for muscle contraction
· Fast and slow twitch
· Delayed onset muscle soreness
12.4 Muscle disorders
· Common muscle conditions
· Muscle diseases
12.5 Homeostasis
· Both systems produce movement
· Protection
· Store and release calcium
http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S0202SYAtIBvUA7YGjzbkF/SIG=122erfck2/EXP=1208791570/**http:/home.hawaii.rr.com/collaner/Health.html
11.1 Overview of the Skeletal System
1. Functions of the skeleton
A. Supports the body
B. Protects soft body parts
C. Stores minerals and fat
2. Anatomy of a long Bone
A. Diaphysis is the long shaft or main portion of the bone
B. Medullary Cavity is filled with yellow bone marrow and stores far EX: Diaphysis
C. Articular Cartilage occurs at the joint
http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S0204VYQtIfXwAEDKjzbkF/SIG=11o51mdv1/EXP=1208791701/**http:/www.spot-on-health.com/?p=9
D. Compact bone is highly organized oppose to spongy
E. In the Spongy bone red bone marrow stays
F. Ligaments are made up of fibrous connective tissue
11.2 Bone Growth, Remodeling, and Repair
A. cells those are included in this process:
Osteoblasts
http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S020phYgtIQLcA5majzbkF/SIG=12grnso1i/EXP=1208792033/**http:/www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Delta_Mission/SEMFCK1PGQD_1.html
· Osteocytes- are mature bones cells derived from osteoblasts.
http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S020q_YgtI1bkAGh6jzbkF/SIG=11q6dqqr2/EXP=1208792127/**http:/resadm.uchc.edu/hcrac/histology
11.1 Skeletal System
· Functions
· Anatomy
11.2 Bone Growth, Remodeling, and Repair
· Development and growth
· Remodeling and its role in homeostasis
· Bone repair
11.3 Bones of the Axial Skeleton
· The skull
· The ribs
11.4 Bones of the Appendicular Skeleton
· The pectoral girdle and upper limb
· The pelvic girdle and lower limb
11.5 Articulations
· Movements permitted by synovial joints
12.1 Muscular System
· Types
· Functions
· Muscles of the body
· Names and actions
12.2 Skeletal Muscle Fiber Contraction
· Muscle Fibers and how they slide
· Control muscle fiber contraction
12.3 Whole muscle contraction
· Have motor units
· Energy for muscle contraction
· Fast and slow twitch
· Delayed onset muscle soreness
12.4 Muscle disorders
· Common muscle conditions
· Muscle diseases
12.5 Homeostasis
· Both systems produce movement
· Protection
· Store and release calcium
http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S0202SYAtIBvUA7YGjzbkF/SIG=122erfck2/EXP=1208791570/**http:/home.hawaii.rr.com/collaner/Health.html11.1 Overview of the Skeletal System
1. Functions of the skeleton
A. Supports the body
B. Protects soft body parts
C. Stores minerals and fat
2. Anatomy of a long Bone
A. Diaphysis is the long shaft or main portion of the bone
B. Medullary Cavity is filled with yellow bone marrow and stores far EX: Diaphysis
C. Articular Cartilage occurs at the joint
http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S0204VYQtIfXwAEDKjzbkF/SIG=11o51mdv1/EXP=1208791701/**http:/www.spot-on-health.com/?p=9D. Compact bone is highly organized oppose to spongy
E. In the Spongy bone red bone marrow stays
F. Ligaments are made up of fibrous connective tissue
11.2 Bone Growth, Remodeling, and Repair
A. cells those are included in this process:
Osteoblastshttp://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S020ovYgtIQLcAumCjzbkF/SIG=129h2sa4p/EXP=1208791983/**http:/www.technion.ac.il/~mdcourse/274203/lect5.html
· Osteblasts- are bone-forming cells.
· Osteblasts- are bone-forming cells.
http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S020phYgtIQLcA5majzbkF/SIG=12grnso1i/EXP=1208792033/**http:/www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Delta_Mission/SEMFCK1PGQD_1.html· Osteocytes- are mature bones cells derived from osteoblasts.
http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S020q_YgtI1bkAGh6jzbkF/SIG=11q6dqqr2/EXP=1208792127/**http:/resadm.uchc.edu/hcrac/histology · Osteoclasts- are bone absorbing cells
1. Bone Development and Growth
A. Formation of bone is (ossification)
- http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S0206UYQtIGHMApISjzbkF/SIG=12e5uh973/EXP=1208791828/**http:/catalog.nucleusinc.com/enlargeexhibit.php?ID=1980
B. intramembranous ossification:
· EX skull
· Bone develops between sheets of fibrous connective tissue.
· Cells derived from connective tissue cells become osteoblasts
C. Endochondal ossification
Cartilage model
Bone collar
Primary ossification center
Medullary cavity and secondary ossification sites
Epiphyseal plate
D. Bone Remodeling and its role in Homeostasis
A. Bone recycling allows the body to regulate the amount of calcium in the blood.
B. If calcium falls to low then the body will go into convulsions
C. If it is too high then muscle cells no longer function
2. Bone Repair
Hemotoma
- http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S020w4ZgtIOwwBdNujzbkF/SIG=12m1kkrq7/EXP=1208793016/**http:/www.becomehealthynow.com/mira2_front/printpage.php?id=830
D. hypoid bone- is not part of the skull but is also not affiliated with any other system
E. Vertebral Column
Consists of 33 vertebrae
Has four curvatures
- http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S020m3ZgtIWEoBzIGjzbkF/SIG=12p19cr36/EXP=1208793143/**http:/www.faqs.org/health/Body-by-Design-V2/The-Skeletal-System.html
F. The rib Cage
There are 12 pairs of ribs
The seven upper rib pairs connect directly to the sternum
Protect lungs and heart
The sternum is the middle plate in between the ribs
11.4 Bones of the Appendicular
A. Pectoral girdle
Scapula
Clavicle
http://www.voxel-man.de/vm/voxel-man-arm.en.html
B. The upper limb
Arm contains humorous
Forearm contains radius and ulna
Hand contains carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges
C. the pelvic girdle
Coxal bones
Lower leg
D. Lower limb
Thigh contains the femur
Leg contains tibia and fibula
Foot contains tarsal, metacarpals, and phalanges
11.5 Articulations
Synovial joint that is a joint having a cavity filled with synovial fluid, a lubricant for the joint.
Fibrous joints are movable
Cartilaginous are slightly movable
12.1 Overview of muscular System
A. Three types of Muscles
http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S0202IZwtIWfQA5uOjzbkF/SIG=136dnn2sf/EXP=1208793352/**http:/oregonstate.edu/~peila/Pharmstuff/Projector%20Slides/Projector%20SlidesCardiac Muscle-
1. Smooth
· Has spindle-shaped non-striated, uninucleated fibers
· Occurs in walls of internal organs
· Is involuntary
Cadiac Muscle
- http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S020w4aQtIQxkB382jzbkF/SIG=135cvec5a/EXP=1208793784/**http:/www.postershop.co.uk/Anonymous/Anonymous-Cellular-Respiration-9912378.html
D. Cellular Respiration a molecule that combines with and stores oxygen, cellular respiration
2. fast and slow twitches
A. Fast twitches:
· Are usually anaerobic and seem to be designed for strength because of there motor units contain many fibers.
· Explosions of energy
· Light in color
· Fewer blood vessels
· They fatigue quickly
B. Slow twitches:
· More endurance
· Stronger tug
· Dark in color
· Surrounded by dense capillary systems
· Develop slowly
C. delayed onset muscle
· Appears 24-48 hrs after strenuous exercise
· EX walking, running downhill, push-ups
12.4 Muscular Disorders
A. Muscle disorders are divided into those that are commonly seen and those that are more serious in nature
1. Common Muscular Conditions
A. spasms are sudden and involuntary muscular contractions most accompany with pain.
B. Convolutions are multiple spasms of skeletal muscles
C. Cramps are strong painful spasms especially of the leg and foot
D. Facial tics such as periodic eye blinking head turning or grimacing are spasms that can be controlled voluntary
E. Tendinitis movement of the joint becomes painful
http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S0203laQtI3v8ArJujzbkF/SIG=11qfbnbd6/EXP=1208793957/**http:/www.supplementnews.org/bursitis
F. bursitis is an inflammatory response of bursa; people who bend an extremity multiple times a day for hours at a time can have this
2. Muscular disease
Myalgia
1. Bone Development and Growth
A. Formation of bone is (ossification)
- http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S0206UYQtIGHMApISjzbkF/SIG=12e5uh973/EXP=1208791828/**http:/catalog.nucleusinc.com/enlargeexhibit.php?ID=1980B. intramembranous ossification:
· EX skull
· Bone develops between sheets of fibrous connective tissue.
· Cells derived from connective tissue cells become osteoblasts
C. Endochondal ossification
Cartilage model
Bone collar
Primary ossification center
Medullary cavity and secondary ossification sites
Epiphyseal plate
D. Bone Remodeling and its role in Homeostasis
A. Bone recycling allows the body to regulate the amount of calcium in the blood.
B. If calcium falls to low then the body will go into convulsions
C. If it is too high then muscle cells no longer function
2. Bone Repair
Hemotomawww.meddean.luc.edu
Hematoma- after, a fracture blood escapes from ruptured blood vessels and forms a hematoma.
Fibrocartillageinous Callus- tissue repair begins, and a fibrocartillage callus fills in the space between the ends of the broken bone for about three weeks.
Bony Callus osteoblasts produces trabeculae of spongy bone and convert the fibrocartillage callus to a bony callus that joins the broken bones together and lasts about three to four months
Remodeling osteoblasts build new compact bone
11.3 Bones of the axial skeleton
A. Skull
B. Cranium
Sinuses
Fontanels
Frontal bone- the forehead
Parietal bone- sides
Occipital bone- base of skull
Foramen magnum- spinal cord pass through this
Sphenoid bone- which is shaped like a bat with outstretched wings
Ethmoid bone- lies in front of the sphenoid bone
C. The facial Bones
Mandible- jaw
Maxillae- form the upper jaw
Zygomatic bones- cheekbone
Nasal bones- bridge of the nose
Hematoma- after, a fracture blood escapes from ruptured blood vessels and forms a hematoma.
Fibrocartillageinous Callus- tissue repair begins, and a fibrocartillage callus fills in the space between the ends of the broken bone for about three weeks.
Bony Callus osteoblasts produces trabeculae of spongy bone and convert the fibrocartillage callus to a bony callus that joins the broken bones together and lasts about three to four months
Remodeling osteoblasts build new compact bone
11.3 Bones of the axial skeleton
A. Skull
B. Cranium
Sinuses
Fontanels
Frontal bone- the forehead
Parietal bone- sides
Occipital bone- base of skull
Foramen magnum- spinal cord pass through this
Sphenoid bone- which is shaped like a bat with outstretched wings
Ethmoid bone- lies in front of the sphenoid bone
C. The facial Bones
Mandible- jaw
Maxillae- form the upper jaw
Zygomatic bones- cheekbone
Nasal bones- bridge of the nose
- http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S020w4ZgtIOwwBdNujzbkF/SIG=12m1kkrq7/EXP=1208793016/**http:/www.becomehealthynow.com/mira2_front/printpage.php?id=830D. hypoid bone- is not part of the skull but is also not affiliated with any other system
E. Vertebral Column
Consists of 33 vertebrae
Has four curvatures
- http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S020m3ZgtIWEoBzIGjzbkF/SIG=12p19cr36/EXP=1208793143/**http:/www.faqs.org/health/Body-by-Design-V2/The-Skeletal-System.htmlF. The rib Cage
There are 12 pairs of ribs
The seven upper rib pairs connect directly to the sternum
Protect lungs and heart
The sternum is the middle plate in between the ribs
11.4 Bones of the Appendicular
A. Pectoral girdle
Scapula
Clavicle
http://www.voxel-man.de/vm/voxel-man-arm.en.htmlB. The upper limb
Arm contains humorous
Forearm contains radius and ulna
Hand contains carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges
C. the pelvic girdle
Coxal bones
Lower legD. Lower limb
Thigh contains the femur
Leg contains tibia and fibula
Foot contains tarsal, metacarpals, and phalanges
11.5 Articulations
Synovial joint that is a joint having a cavity filled with synovial fluid, a lubricant for the joint.
Fibrous joints are movable
Cartilaginous are slightly movable
12.1 Overview of muscular System
A. Three types of Muscles
http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S0202IZwtIWfQA5uOjzbkF/SIG=136dnn2sf/EXP=1208793352/**http:/oregonstate.edu/~peila/Pharmstuff/Projector%20Slides/Projector%20SlidesCardiac Muscle-1. Smooth
· Has spindle-shaped non-striated, uninucleated fibers
· Occurs in walls of internal organs
· Is involuntary
Cadiac Musclehttp://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S0203LZwtI2v8ArPujzbkF/SIG=136g4rga8/EXP=1208793419/**http:/oregonstate.edu/~peila/Pharmstuff/Projector%20Slides/Projector%20Slides
2. Cardiac Muscle
· Has striated branched generally uninucleated fibers
· Occurs in the walls of the heart
· Is involuntary
http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S02079ZwtILoAA6gujzbkF/SIG=127ggc356/EXP=1208793469/**http:/www.brown.edu/Courses/BI0032/adltstem/sm.htm
3. Skeletal muscle
· Has striated tubular multinucleated fibers
· Is usually attached to skeleton
· Is voluntary
B. Functions:
Skeletal muscles support the body
Skeletal muscles make bones move
Skeletal muscles help maintain a constant body temperature
Skeletal muscle contraction assists movement in cardiovascular and lymphatic vessels.
Skeletal muscles help protect internal organs and stabilize joints.
C. Names and actions
size
EX: Gluteus Maxim us is the largest muscle
shape
· Trapeziuz is shaped like a trapezoid
· Latissimus is wide
· Terres is round
location
direction of muscle fibers
· rectus means straight
· transverse is across
· oculi is the eye
attachment
12.2 Skeletal Muscle Fiber and Contraction
A. Nerve impulses travel down motor neurons and stimulate muscle fibers
B. sarcolemma- plasma membrane of a muscle fiber that forms T tubules
C. sarcoplasm- cytoplasm of a muscle fiber that contains the organelles, including myofibrious
D. Glycogen- a polysaccharide that stores energy for muscle contractions
E. mygolobin- a red pigment that stores oxygen for muscle contraction
F. T tubule- Extension of the sarcolemma that extends into the muscle fiber and conveys impulses that cause Ca2+
G. Myofibril- a bundle of myofilaments that contracts
H. Myofilaments- actin filaments or myosin filaments, whose structure and functions account for muscle striations and contractions.
12.3 Whole Muscle Contraction
A. Whole muscle contraction is dependent on muscle fiber contraction
B. a nerve fiber together with all of the muscle fibers it innervates in called a motor unit.
C. This obeys the all or none law, because all the muscles have to be stimulated at once
D. Muscle twitch:
1. Latent period
2. Contraction period
3. Relaxation period
1. Energy for muscle contraction
A. Has four possible stages:
1. Muscle glycogen
2. Blood Glucose
3. Plasma fatty acids
4. Muscle triglycerides
B. the CP pathway the simplest and most rapid way for muscle to produce ATP is use to the CP pathway because it only consist of one reaction
C. Fermentation: produces two ATP from the breakdown of glucose to lactate anaerobically.
2. Cardiac Muscle
· Has striated branched generally uninucleated fibers
· Occurs in the walls of the heart
· Is involuntary
http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S02079ZwtILoAA6gujzbkF/SIG=127ggc356/EXP=1208793469/**http:/www.brown.edu/Courses/BI0032/adltstem/sm.htm3. Skeletal muscle
· Has striated tubular multinucleated fibers
· Is usually attached to skeleton
· Is voluntary
B. Functions:
Skeletal muscles support the body
Skeletal muscles make bones move
Skeletal muscles help maintain a constant body temperature
Skeletal muscle contraction assists movement in cardiovascular and lymphatic vessels.
Skeletal muscles help protect internal organs and stabilize joints.
C. Names and actions
size
EX: Gluteus Maxim us is the largest muscle
shape
· Trapeziuz is shaped like a trapezoid
· Latissimus is wide
· Terres is round
location
direction of muscle fibers
· rectus means straight
· transverse is across
· oculi is the eye
attachment
12.2 Skeletal Muscle Fiber and Contraction
A. Nerve impulses travel down motor neurons and stimulate muscle fibers
B. sarcolemma- plasma membrane of a muscle fiber that forms T tubules
C. sarcoplasm- cytoplasm of a muscle fiber that contains the organelles, including myofibrious
D. Glycogen- a polysaccharide that stores energy for muscle contractions
E. mygolobin- a red pigment that stores oxygen for muscle contraction
F. T tubule- Extension of the sarcolemma that extends into the muscle fiber and conveys impulses that cause Ca2+
G. Myofibril- a bundle of myofilaments that contracts
H. Myofilaments- actin filaments or myosin filaments, whose structure and functions account for muscle striations and contractions.
12.3 Whole Muscle Contraction
A. Whole muscle contraction is dependent on muscle fiber contraction
B. a nerve fiber together with all of the muscle fibers it innervates in called a motor unit.
C. This obeys the all or none law, because all the muscles have to be stimulated at once
D. Muscle twitch:
1. Latent period
2. Contraction period
3. Relaxation period
1. Energy for muscle contraction
A. Has four possible stages:
1. Muscle glycogen
2. Blood Glucose
3. Plasma fatty acids
4. Muscle triglycerides
B. the CP pathway the simplest and most rapid way for muscle to produce ATP is use to the CP pathway because it only consist of one reaction
C. Fermentation: produces two ATP from the breakdown of glucose to lactate anaerobically.
- http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S020w4aQtIQxkB382jzbkF/SIG=135cvec5a/EXP=1208793784/**http:/www.postershop.co.uk/Anonymous/Anonymous-Cellular-Respiration-9912378.htmlD. Cellular Respiration a molecule that combines with and stores oxygen, cellular respiration
2. fast and slow twitches
A. Fast twitches:
· Are usually anaerobic and seem to be designed for strength because of there motor units contain many fibers.
· Explosions of energy
· Light in color
· Fewer blood vessels
· They fatigue quickly
B. Slow twitches:
· More endurance
· Stronger tug
· Dark in color
· Surrounded by dense capillary systems
· Develop slowly
C. delayed onset muscle
· Appears 24-48 hrs after strenuous exercise
· EX walking, running downhill, push-ups
12.4 Muscular Disorders
A. Muscle disorders are divided into those that are commonly seen and those that are more serious in nature
1. Common Muscular Conditions
A. spasms are sudden and involuntary muscular contractions most accompany with pain.
B. Convolutions are multiple spasms of skeletal muscles
C. Cramps are strong painful spasms especially of the leg and foot
D. Facial tics such as periodic eye blinking head turning or grimacing are spasms that can be controlled voluntary
E. Tendinitis movement of the joint becomes painful
http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S0203laQtI3v8ArJujzbkF/SIG=11qfbnbd6/EXP=1208793957/**http:/www.supplementnews.org/bursitisF. bursitis is an inflammatory response of bursa; people who bend an extremity multiple times a day for hours at a time can have this
2. Muscular disease
Myalgiahttp://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S02000agtItvoAvCejzbkF/SIG=11r1041tt/EXP=1208794036/**http:/path.upmc.edu/cases/case143.html
A. Myalgia
Achy muscles
Over use or overstretching of a muscle or group of muscles
Often due to viral infections
Immune system disorder
http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S0202kagtI4boAs2OjzbkF/SIG=124o4raot/EXP=1208794148/**http:/www.the-back-doctor.com/fibromyalgia.html
B. Fibromyalgia
· Is chronic
· Include achy pain, tenderness, stiffness of muscles
C. Muscular dystrophy
· Group of disorders that are characterized by progressive degeneration and weakening of muscles
· Muscle fibers die and fat and connective tissue takes its place
D. Duchenne muscular dystrophy
· Is inherited through a flawed gene carried by the mother
· Lack of a protein
· Calcium leaks into the cell and activates an enzyme that dissolves muscle fibers
· Treatment: muscles have been injected with immature muscle cells that do produce dystrophin
http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S02000agtItvoAvCejzbkF/SIG=11r1041tt/EXP=1208794036/**http:/path.upmc.edu/cases/case143.html
E. Myasthenia Gravis
· Autoimmune disease characterized by weakness that especially affects the muscles of the eyes, face, neck, and extremities.
· Muscle contraction is impaired because the immune system mistakenly produces antibodies that destroy acetylcholine
· First sign is drooping eyelids and double vision
· Treatment: drugs that inhibit the enzyme that digests acetylcholine so that Ach accumulates in neuromuscular junctions
ALS
A. Myalgia
Achy muscles
Over use or overstretching of a muscle or group of muscles
Often due to viral infections
Immune system disorder
http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S0202kagtI4boAs2OjzbkF/SIG=124o4raot/EXP=1208794148/**http:/www.the-back-doctor.com/fibromyalgia.htmlB. Fibromyalgia
· Is chronic
· Include achy pain, tenderness, stiffness of muscles
C. Muscular dystrophy
· Group of disorders that are characterized by progressive degeneration and weakening of muscles
· Muscle fibers die and fat and connective tissue takes its place
D. Duchenne muscular dystrophy
· Is inherited through a flawed gene carried by the mother
· Lack of a protein
· Calcium leaks into the cell and activates an enzyme that dissolves muscle fibers
· Treatment: muscles have been injected with immature muscle cells that do produce dystrophin
http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S02000agtItvoAvCejzbkF/SIG=11r1041tt/EXP=1208794036/**http:/path.upmc.edu/cases/case143.htmlE. Myasthenia Gravis
· Autoimmune disease characterized by weakness that especially affects the muscles of the eyes, face, neck, and extremities.
· Muscle contraction is impaired because the immune system mistakenly produces antibodies that destroy acetylcholine
· First sign is drooping eyelids and double vision
· Treatment: drugs that inhibit the enzyme that digests acetylcholine so that Ach accumulates in neuromuscular junctions
ALShttp://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S020y5awtIziQBEbmjzbkF/SIG=11t8shl6p/EXP=1208794425/**http:/www.alsalabama.org/about_als.shtml
F. ALS
· Experience gradual loss of the ability to walk chew talk and swallow
· Drugs are out that help slow it but not cure it
12.5 Homeostasis
The muscles and bones produce movement and protect body parts
The bones produce red blood cells and are involved in the regulation of blood calcium levels
The muscles produce the heat that gives us a constant body temperature
F. ALS
· Experience gradual loss of the ability to walk chew talk and swallow
· Drugs are out that help slow it but not cure it
12.5 Homeostasis
The muscles and bones produce movement and protect body parts
The bones produce red blood cells and are involved in the regulation of blood calcium levels
The muscles produce the heat that gives us a constant body temperature
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