22.1 Origin of Life
The primitive earth
Small organic molecules
Macromolecules
The Protocell
The true Cell
22.2 Biological Evolution
Common Descent
Intelligent Design
Natural Selection
22.3 Classification of Humans
DNA data and Human Evolution
Humans are primates
Comparing human skeleton to the chimpanzee skeleton
22.4 Evolution of Hominids
The first hominids
Hominid Features
Earliest Fossil Hominids
Evolution of Australopithecines
Southern Africa
Eastern Africa
22.5 Evolution of Humans
Early Homo
Evolution of Modern Humans
Neanderthals
Cro-Magnons
Human Variation
Chapter 23: Global Ecology and Human Interferences
23.1 The nature of the Ecosystems
· Ecosystems
· Biotic components of an ecosystem
· Energy flow and chemical cycling
23.2 Energy Flow
· Trophic Levels
· Ecological Pyramids
23.3 Global Biogeochemical cycles
· The water cycle
· The Carbon Cycle
· The Nitrogen Cycle
· The Phosphorus Cycle
Chapter 24: human Population, Planetary, resources and conversation
24.1 Human Population growth
· The MDCs Versus the LDC
24.2 Human Use of resources and pollution
· Land
· Water
· Food
· Energy
· Minerals
24.3 Biodiversity
· Loss of Biodiversity
· Direct Value of Biodiversity
· Indirect value of biodiversity
24.4 Working toward a sustainable society
· Today’s unsustainable society
· Characteristic of a sustainable society
· Assessing economic well-being and quality of life
23.1 The nature of the Ecosystems
· Ecosystems
· Biotic components of an ecosystem
· Energy flow and chemical cycling
23.2 Energy Flow
· Trophic Levels
· Ecological Pyramids
23.3 Global Biogeochemical cycles
· The water cycle
· The Carbon Cycle
· The Nitrogen Cycle
· The Phosphorus Cycle
Chapter 24: human Population, Planetary, resources and conversation
24.1 Human Population growth
· The MDCs Versus the LDC
24.2 Human Use of resources and pollution
· Land
· Water
· Food
· Energy
· Minerals
24.3 Biodiversity
· Loss of Biodiversity
· Direct Value of Biodiversity
· Indirect value of biodiversity
24.4 Working toward a sustainable society
· Today’s unsustainable society
· Characteristic of a sustainable society
· Assessing economic well-being and quality of life
http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S0201tOylIrmoA0JKjzbkF/SIG=12o3ca286/EXP=1210748141/**http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a002900/a002912/frames/2048x814
23.1 The Nature of Ecosystems
A. Biosphere is where organisms are found on plant earth
B. The biosphere as a whole is called the ecosystem
1. The Ecosystems
A. scientists recognize several distinctive major types of terrestrial ecosystem called Biomes
B. Temp and rainfall defines the biomes
C. which contains communities or organisms adapted to the regional climate
D. Aquatic ecosystems are divided into those composed of fresh and salt water
E. the ocean covers about 70% of the ecosystem
2. Biotic components of an ecosystem
A. The a biotic components of an ecosystem are the nonliving components.
B. the Biotic components are living things that can be categorized according to their food source.
C. Autotrophy require only inorganic nutrients and an outside energy source to produce organic nutrients for their own use
D. Producers: Produce Food
E. Heterotrophy needs a source of organic nutrients. Consumers: consume the food.
F. Herbivores are animals that graze directly on plants or algae.
G. Omnivores are animals that feed both on plants and animals
H. Niche is the role of an organism in an ecosystem.
2. Energy Flow and chemical Cycling
A. Characterized by two phenomena:
1. Energy Flow
2. Chemical Cycling
B. Producers produce organic nutrients directly for themselves and indirectly for the other populations of the ecosystems
C. only portion of the organic nutrients made by autotrophs is passed on to hetertrophs
23.2 Energy Flow
A. the various interconnecting paths of energy flows are represented by a food web
http://www.econguru.com/fundamentals_of_ecology/ecosystems.html
B. Grazing Food Web:
· Oak tree/grass
· Caterpillars
· Mice
· Rabbits
· Deer
· Feeds on the leaves and grass
· Birds
· Chipmunks
· Mice
· On the nuts
1. Trophic Levels
A. The arrangement of the species in suggest that organism
B. Diagrams that show a single path of energy flow web.
Leaves-> Caterpillars->Birds -->Hawks
C. Trophic level is composed of the entire organism that feed at a particular link in a food chain
2. Ecological Pyramids illustrate that biomass and energy content decrease from one Trophic levels to the next because of energy loss
A. the shortness of food chains can be attributed to the loss of energy between Trophic levels
B. Chemicals cycle within and among ecosystems
23.3 Global Biogeochemical Cycles
A. the pathways by which chemical circulate through ecosystems involved both living and non living components know as biogeochemical cycles
B. Phosphorus cycle is a sedimentary cycle:
· The chemical is absorbed from the soil by plants roots, passes to hetertrophs and eventually returned to the soil by decomposers
C.exchange pools is a source from which organisms do generally take chemicals, such as the atmosphere or soil
1. The water Cycle
Evaporation-->Precipitation --> transpiration -->Flowing water--> Run Off
A. Humans interfere with the water cycle in three ways
1. We withdrawal water from aquifers
2. they clear vegetation from land and build roads and buildings that prevent percolation and increase runoff
3. they interfere with the natural processes that purify water and instead add pollutants like sewage and chemicals
2. Carbon Cycle
A. the exchange pool is the atmosphere
B. respiration and combustion add carbon dioxide to the atmosphere
4. Nitrogen Cycle
A. The reservoir of the nitrogen cycle is the atmosphere
B. Nitrogen gas must be converted to a from usable by plants
C. Nitrogen- fixing bacteria convert nitrogen gas to ammonium
4. phosphorous cycle:
A. the reservoir of the phosphorous cycle is ocean sediments
B. phosphate is limiting nutrient in ecosystems
C. weathering slowly makes phosphate available to the biotic community
24.1 Human Population of Growth
A. The number of people added annually to the world population peaked at about 87 million
B. Growth Rate of a population is determined by considering the difference between the numbers of persons born per year
C. indicates that a population is enjoying biotic potential
D. The carrying capacity is the maximum population that the environment can support for an indefinite period!
1. MDC versus the LDC
A. 0.1% growth rate since 1950
B. LDC growth rate is presently 1.6% after peaking at 2.5% in the 1960
C. MDC are approaching a stable population
24.2 Human Resources and pollution
A. a resource is anything from the biotic or a biotic environment that helps meet these needs
B. person can make their ecological footprint smaller house, owning fewer possessions, eating vegetables as opposed to meat, and so forth!
C. nonrenewable resources are limited in supply
D. Renewable resources are capable of being naturally replenished
E. Pollution is any alteration of the environment in an undesirable
1. Land
A. there is more then 32 people per square kilometer (83 people per square mile)
2. Water
A. Industry and agriculture use most of the freshwater supply. Water supplies are increased by damming rivers and drawing from aquifers.
3. Food
A. Food comes from growing crops, raising animals, and fishing.
B. raising livestock contributes to water pollution and uses fossil fuel energy
C. Increases number and high efficiency of fishing boats have causes the world fish catch to decline.
4. Energy
A. Fossil fuels are nonrenewable sources.
B. Green house include CO2 and other gases
C. Renewable resources include hydropower, geothermal, wind, solar power.
5. Minerals
A. Hazardous waste- Billions of tons of solid waste are discarded on land in water.
B. Heavy Metals,
C. Ozone shield destruction is associated with CFC’s
24.3 Biodiversity
A. Can be defined as the variety of life on earth, described as a number of different species.
B. The major causes of extinction:
1. Habitat loss
2. Alien species
3. pollution
· Acid deposition
· Global warming
· Ozone Depletion
· Synthetic organic chemicals
4. Overexploitation
5. disease
c. Direct Value of Biodiversity
1. Various individual species perform useful services for human beings and contribute greatly to the value we should place
2. Medicinal Value
A. the prescription drugs used in the US are derived from living organisms
B. 328 types of meds are derived from the rainforest
3. Agriculture Value
A. crops such as wheat, corn, and rice are derived from wild plants that have been modified to be high produces.
4. Consumptive use value
5. Indirect value of Biodiversity
A. Its more economical to save an ecosystem rather then than an individual species
B. an indirect value of biodiversity can be associated with the following services:
1. Waste Disposable
2. Provision of Freshwater
3. Prevention of soil erosion
4. biogeochemical cycles
5. Regulation of climate
6. Ecotourism
24.4 Working towards a sustainable
A. a sustainable society would always be able to provide the same amount of goods and services for future generations, as it does at the present
B. to achieve a sustainable society, resources can not be depleted and must be preserved.
1. Today’s unsustainable society
A. Growth population à More resources
2. Characteristic of a sustainable society
A. using only renewable resources
B. Recycle
B. Grazing Food Web:
· Oak tree/grass
· Caterpillars
· Mice
· Rabbits
· Deer
· Feeds on the leaves and grass
· Birds
· Chipmunks
· Mice
· On the nuts
1. Trophic Levels
A. The arrangement of the species in suggest that organism
B. Diagrams that show a single path of energy flow web.
Leaves-> Caterpillars->Birds -->Hawks
C. Trophic level is composed of the entire organism that feed at a particular link in a food chain
2. Ecological Pyramids illustrate that biomass and energy content decrease from one Trophic levels to the next because of energy loss
A. the shortness of food chains can be attributed to the loss of energy between Trophic levels
B. Chemicals cycle within and among ecosystems
23.3 Global Biogeochemical Cycles
A. the pathways by which chemical circulate through ecosystems involved both living and non living components know as biogeochemical cycles
B. Phosphorus cycle is a sedimentary cycle:
· The chemical is absorbed from the soil by plants roots, passes to hetertrophs and eventually returned to the soil by decomposers
C.exchange pools is a source from which organisms do generally take chemicals, such as the atmosphere or soil
1. The water Cycle
Evaporation-->Precipitation --> transpiration -->Flowing water--> Run Off
A. Humans interfere with the water cycle in three ways
1. We withdrawal water from aquifers
2. they clear vegetation from land and build roads and buildings that prevent percolation and increase runoff
3. they interfere with the natural processes that purify water and instead add pollutants like sewage and chemicals
2. Carbon Cycle
A. the exchange pool is the atmosphere
B. respiration and combustion add carbon dioxide to the atmosphere
4. Nitrogen Cycle
A. The reservoir of the nitrogen cycle is the atmosphere
B. Nitrogen gas must be converted to a from usable by plants
C. Nitrogen- fixing bacteria convert nitrogen gas to ammonium
4. phosphorous cycle:
A. the reservoir of the phosphorous cycle is ocean sediments
B. phosphate is limiting nutrient in ecosystems
C. weathering slowly makes phosphate available to the biotic community
24.1 Human Population of Growth
A. The number of people added annually to the world population peaked at about 87 million
B. Growth Rate of a population is determined by considering the difference between the numbers of persons born per year
C. indicates that a population is enjoying biotic potential
D. The carrying capacity is the maximum population that the environment can support for an indefinite period!
1. MDC versus the LDC
A. 0.1% growth rate since 1950
B. LDC growth rate is presently 1.6% after peaking at 2.5% in the 1960
C. MDC are approaching a stable population
24.2 Human Resources and pollution
A. a resource is anything from the biotic or a biotic environment that helps meet these needs
B. person can make their ecological footprint smaller house, owning fewer possessions, eating vegetables as opposed to meat, and so forth!
C. nonrenewable resources are limited in supply
D. Renewable resources are capable of being naturally replenished
E. Pollution is any alteration of the environment in an undesirable
1. Land
A. there is more then 32 people per square kilometer (83 people per square mile)
2. Water
A. Industry and agriculture use most of the freshwater supply. Water supplies are increased by damming rivers and drawing from aquifers.
3. Food
A. Food comes from growing crops, raising animals, and fishing.
B. raising livestock contributes to water pollution and uses fossil fuel energy
C. Increases number and high efficiency of fishing boats have causes the world fish catch to decline.
4. Energy
A. Fossil fuels are nonrenewable sources.
B. Green house include CO2 and other gases
C. Renewable resources include hydropower, geothermal, wind, solar power.
5. Minerals
A. Hazardous waste- Billions of tons of solid waste are discarded on land in water.
B. Heavy Metals,
C. Ozone shield destruction is associated with CFC’s
24.3 Biodiversity
A. Can be defined as the variety of life on earth, described as a number of different species.
B. The major causes of extinction:
1. Habitat loss
2. Alien species
3. pollution
· Acid deposition
· Global warming
· Ozone Depletion
· Synthetic organic chemicals
4. Overexploitation
5. disease
c. Direct Value of Biodiversity
1. Various individual species perform useful services for human beings and contribute greatly to the value we should place
2. Medicinal Value
A. the prescription drugs used in the US are derived from living organisms
B. 328 types of meds are derived from the rainforest
3. Agriculture Value
A. crops such as wheat, corn, and rice are derived from wild plants that have been modified to be high produces.
4. Consumptive use value
5. Indirect value of Biodiversity
A. Its more economical to save an ecosystem rather then than an individual species
B. an indirect value of biodiversity can be associated with the following services:
1. Waste Disposable
2. Provision of Freshwater
3. Prevention of soil erosion
4. biogeochemical cycles
5. Regulation of climate
6. Ecotourism
24.4 Working towards a sustainable
A. a sustainable society would always be able to provide the same amount of goods and services for future generations, as it does at the present
B. to achieve a sustainable society, resources can not be depleted and must be preserved.
1. Today’s unsustainable society
A. Growth population à More resources
2. Characteristic of a sustainable society
A. using only renewable resources
B. Recycle
